1. Revolutions in Russia

2. Introduction
The Russian Revolution was like a firecracker with a very long fuse. The explosion came in 1917, yet the fuse had been burning for nearly a century. The cruel, oppressive rule of most 19th-century czars caused widespread social unrest for decades. Army officers revolted in Secret revolutionary groups plotted to overthrow the government.

3. In 1881, revolutionaries angry over the slow pace of political change assassinated the reform-minded czar, Alexander II. Russia was heading toward a full-scale revolution.

4. Czars Resist Change

5. End to Reform
In 1881, Alexander III becomes czar and ends the reforms of his father, Alexander II.
Alexander III institutes autocratic rule, suppressing all opposition and decent.

6. Czars Continue Autocratic Rule
Government censors written criticism; secret police monitor schools
Non-Russians living in Russia are treated harshly

7. Anti-Jewish Pogroms
Jews become target of government backed pogroms (organized persecutions)
Alexander III encourages Jewish emigration to the United States during this time. The musical Fiddler on the Roof is set in this era.

8. In 1894, Nicholas II becomes czar and continues autocratic ways

9. Russia Industrializes

10. Rapid Industrialization
Number of factories doubles between 1863 and 1900, but Russia still lags behind other European countries.
In late 1800s, new plan boosts steel production and a major railway begins

11. The Revolutionary Movement Grows
Industrialization breeds discontent over working conditions and wages.
Growing popularity of Marxist idea that proletariat (workers) will rule
Bolsheviks—Marxists who favor revolution by a small committed group

12. Lenin
Lenin—Bolshevik leader—an excellent organizer and inspiring leader

13. Crisis at Home and Abroad

14. The Russo-Japanese War
Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in the early 1900s causes unrest in Russia.

15. Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905
In 1905, 200,000 workers march on the czar’s palace to demand reforms
The army fires into the crowd, killing many
Massacre leads to widespread unrest; Nicholas if forced to make reforms

16. The short lived Duma
The Duma, Russia’s first parliament, meets in 1906
Czar is unwilling to share power, dissolves the Duma after only 10 weeks

17. World War I: The Final Blow
Heavy losses in World War I reveal government’s weakness
Nicholas goes to war front; Czarina Alexandra runs government in his absence

18. Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin—a mysterious “holy man”—who she believes has the power to heal her son.
Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence and murder him
Army losing effectiveness; people at home are hungry and unhappy

19. The March Revolution

20. First Steps
In March 1917, strikes expand; soldiers refuse to fire on workers.
Most of the tension is caused by Nicholas II personally taking command of the military in World War I, and the war going so badly.

21. The Czar Steps Down
March Revolution—protests become uprising; Nicholas abdicates throne
Duma establishes provisional, or temporary government
Soviets—committees of Socialist revolutionaries—control many cities

22. Lenin Returns to Russia
In April 1917, Germans aid Lenin in returning from exile to Russia (pictured in disguise with his goatee shaved and wearing a wig).

23. The Bolshevik Revolution

24. The Provisional Government Topples
In November 1917, workers take control of the government

25. Bolsheviks in Power
Lenin gives land to peasants, puts workers in control of factories
Bolsheviks sign treaty with Germany; Russia pulls out of World War I

26. Civil War Rages in Russia
Civil War between Bolsheviks’ Red Army and loosely allied White Army
Red Army wins three-year war that leaves 14 million dead

27. Comparing World Revolutions
Russian and French Revolutions are similar—both attempt to remake society and use violence against citizens who resist these changes.

28. Lenin Restores Order

29. New Economic Policy
In March 1921, Lenin launches New Economic Policy; has some capitalism
NEP and peace restore economy shattered by war and revolution
By 1928, Russia’s farms and factories are producing again

30. Political Reforms
Lenin creates self-governing republics under national government
In 1922, country renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)
Communist Party—new name taken by Bolsheviks from the writings of Marx

31. Stalin Becomes Dictator

32. A New Leader
Trotsky and Stalin compete to replace Lenin after Lenin’s death
Joseph Stalin—cold, hard Communist Party general secretary in 1922
Leon Trotsky
Joseph Stalin

33. Stalin gains power from 1922 to 1927 Lenin dies in 1924
Stalin gains complete power in 1928; Trotsky is forced into exile.
Trotsky is murdered in Mexico City in 1940 by an NKVD agent.
Room where Trotsky was murdered (above); Trotsky’s murderer, NKVD agent, Romón Mercader (right).