1. The Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D) Project Dr. Theresa Diehl Research Geodesist Webinar Given on May 9, 2011

2. PART I Overview of the need for and inception of the GRAV-D program Program goals and plans to achieve them Current status of program Near-term plans over the next few fiscal years Now In Part II

3. Overview of Need for and Inception of the GRAV-D Program

4. NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums OMB Circular A-16 (revised)*: Names DOC and NOAA as “lead agency” for Geodetic Control, and says: “All NSDI [National Spatial Data Infrastructure] framework data and users' applications data require geodetic control to accurately register spatial data.” “The National Spatial Reference System is the fundamental geodetic control for the United States.” *[originally issued in 1953, revised in 1967 and again in 1990] 4

5. NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums OMB Circular A-16 (revised): Hence, the NSRS responsibility falls to NGS NGS Mission: “To define, maintain, and provide access to the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) to meet our nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs” –NSRS includes the horizontal and vertical datums, the national shoreline, and a variety of other components. www.whitehouse.gov/omb/Circulars/a016/a016_rev.html 5

6. NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee (FGCS) Federal Register Notice (Vol. 58, No. 120) Affirms “NAVD 88 as the official civilian vertical datum for surveying and mapping activities in the United States performed or financed by the Federal Government. “To the extent practicable, legally allowable, and feasible, require that all Federal agencies using or producing vertical height information undertake an orderly transition to NAVD 88.” http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc93-14922.pdf 6

7. NGS’s Role and Authority on Vertical Datums Summary: –OMB A-16 establishes DOC/NOAA (implying NGS) as lead agency for NSDI geodetic control (the NSRS) –NAVD 88 is the vertical datum of the NSRS –FGCS requires that NAVD 88 heights be used in all civilian federal surveying and mapping These regulations do not apply to DoD nor to state and local surveying, but these groups often do adopt NAVD 88 7

8. What is a Vertical Datum? Strictly speaking, a vertical datum is a surface representing zero elevation Traditionally, a vertical datum is a system for the determination of heights above a zero elevation surface Vertical datum comprised of: –Its definition: Parameters and other descriptors –Its realization: Its physical method of accessibility "topographic map." Online Art. Britannica Student Encyclopædia. 17 Dec. 2008 http://student.britannica.com/ebi/art-53199 8

9. History of Vertical Datums in the USA NAVD 88: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Definition: The surface of equal gravity potential to which orthometric heights shall refer in North America*, and which is 6.271 meters (along the plumb line) below the geodetic mark at “Father Point/Rimouski” (NGSIDB PID TY5255). Realization: Over 500,000 geodetic marks across North America with published Helmert orthometric heights, most of which were originally computed from a minimally constrained adjustment of leveling and gravity data, holding the geopotential value at “Father Point/Rimouski” fixed. Father Point Lighthouse, Quebec *Not adopted in Canada 9

10. NAVD 88 (continued) – Defined only on the conterminous North American continent – Does not (and cannot) exist for any place you can’t level to from Father Point, such as: Guam, American Samoa, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, American Virgin Islands, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, Aleutian Islands –Height chosen was to minimize 1929/1988 differences in USGS maps –“Zero height surface” of NAVD 88 wasn’t chosen for its closeness to the geoid (but it was close…few decimeters) History of Vertical Datums in the USA 10

11. History of Vertical Datums in the USA NAVD 88 (continued) –Use of one fixed height removed local sea level variation problem of NGVD 29 –Use of one fixed height did open the possibility of unconstrained cross-continent error build up –The H=0 surface of NAVD 88 was supposed to be parallel to the geoid…(close again) 11

12. NAVD 88 relies upon bench marks that: –Disappear by the thousands every year –Are not funded for replacement –Are almost never re-checked for movement –Are not necessarily in convenient places –Don’t exist in most of Alaska –Weren’t adopted in Canada –Cross-country error build up Problems with NAVD 88 12

13. NAVD 88 suffers from a zero height surface that: –Has been proven to be ~50 cm biased from the latest, best geoid models (GRACE satellite) –Has been proven to be ~ 1 meter tilted across CONUS (again, based on the independently computed geoid from the GRACE satellite) Problems with NAVD 88 13

14. H Earth’s Surface The Geoid NAVD 88 reference level H (NAVD 88) Errors in NAVD 88 : ~50 cm average, 100 cm CONUS tilt, 1-2 meters average in Alaska NO tracking of temporal changes Problems with NAVD 88 14

15. Approximate level of geoid mismatch known to exist in the NAVD 88 zero surface Problems with NAVD 88 15

16. Short term fix: Height Modernization GPS surveys –Quick way to propagate NAVD 88 bench mark heights to new marks through the use of GPS and a constrained least squares adjustment –NOAA TM NOS NGS 58 and 59 guidelines – Keeps NAVD 88 useful and accessible, but does not address the majority of problems of NAVD 88 itself Lack of roads prevents Height Modernization surveys from propagating heights to western AK Can NAVD 88 be fixed? 16

17. Long term fix: Re-level some/all of NAVD 88 –81,500 km of 1 st order leveling at least –625,000 km of mixed 1 st and 2 nd order leveling Re-leveling NAVD 88 estimated to cost between $200 Million and $2 Billion Still have problems related to passive control Can NAVD 88 be fixed? 17

18. Long term fix: Replace NAVD 88 GRAV-D: Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum GRAV-D will: define the datum as a given geoid model realize it through GNSS technology span at least the United States and its territories Can NAVD 88 be fixed? 18

19. Program goals and plans to achieve them

20. Official NGS policy as of Nov 14, 2007 as part of 10 yr plan 2008-18 – Estimated $38.5M over 10 years Three thrusts of project: – Airborne survey “snapshot” – Long-term monitoring of geoid change – Partnership surveys Re-define the Vertical Datum of the USA by 2022 (given funding levels) What is GRAV-D? 20

21. 21 GRAV-D Target: orthometric heights from GNSS and a geoid model; accurate to 2 cm GRAV-D would mean fast, accurate, consistent orthometric heights everywhere in the USA

22. GRAV-D One consistent vertical datum for the entire US: Continental US, Alaska, Hawaii and Pacific Islands, and Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands Long-term objective: North American datum from equator to Arctic Already in talks to coordinate our datum with Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Central America 22

23. A good-enough geoid? Target 2 cm accuracy in orthometric heights assumes: – 1 cm accuracy in GNSS positioning – 1 cm accuracy in Geoid An accurate geoid requires: – A sufficiently good gravity field – Good geoid theory Under revision by Y. Wang (IAG study group) 23

24. Gravity Field Before GRAV-D Blend of various gravity data: – GRACE satellite gravity (wavelengths ≥ 350 km) And – NGS gravity holdings: land surface and marine measurements 24

25. 25 Ship gravity Terrestrial gravity New Orleans 20-100 km gravity gaps along coast Field is not sampled uniformly Data range in age and quality, some w/o metadata Some surveys have systematic errors Data gaps in littoral areas Problems with Gravity Holdings

26. Airborne gravity “snapshot”: survey entire region –Cover the country quickly and consistently with 20 km resolution –Fill in littoral data gaps –Connect terrestrial to: –Near-shore marine gravity data –Deep-water satellite altimetric gravity fields 26 Gravity Field Recovery for Geoid

27. 27 Building a Gravity Field Long Wavelengths (≥ 250 km) GRACE/GOCE/Satellite Altimetry Intermediate Wavelengths (500 km to 20 km) Airborne Measurement Surface Measurement and Predicted Gravity from Topography Short Wavelengths (< 100 km) + +

28. GRAV-D Coverage 28 Puerto Rico US Virgin Is.

29. GRAV-D Coverage 29 Am. Samoa Hawaii Guam

30. Airborne Gravity Objectives Survey the entire US and its holdings by 2022 Line spacing of 10 km Extend flight lines out beyond shelf break Complete the survey according to the following metric: – 8% per year to be completed, FY12 – FY22 30 FY09 (baseline) Targets FY10FY11FY12FY13FY14FY15FY16FY17FY18FY19FY20FY21FY22 6.14%7.5%13%20%28%36%44%52%60%68%76%84%92% 100% and Implement

31. Survey Priority Order Alabama test region Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands Gulf of Mexico (except Florida) Alaska Eastern US Seaboard (& FL)/Great Lakes Western US Seaboard Hawaii, Guam/CNMI, American Samoa Interior CONUS Aleutian Islands

32. Current status of GRAV-D program

33. GRAV-D Airborne Surveys Gulf of Mexico 2008-09 (AL08, LA08, LA09, TX09) Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands 2009 (PV09) Alaska 2008-10 (AK08, AK09, AK10-01, AK10- 02, AK10-03) California 2011 (CA11-01) Alaska 2011 (AK11-01 underway, AK11-02 planned) 12 surveys, Over 12% of total area flown 33

35. Status of Completion Metric Tracked monthly Much more completed in early FY11 compared to FY08/09/10 due to long-range aircraft available (PC-12 from BLM and P-3 from NOAA) and an experienced field team FY09 (baseline) Targets FY10FY11FY12FY13FY14FY15FY16FY17FY18FY19FY20FY21FY22 6.14%7.5%13%20%28%36%44%52%60%68%76%84%92% 100% and Implement 6.14%7.83% 12.24% plus May- Sept (5 mo.)

36. Basic Airborne Operations Aircraft Instrumentation – Relative gravity meter aboard aircraft – Inertial measurement unit – GNSS receivers included in both instruments – GPS base stations (three for redundancy) Gravity tie – New absolute measurement – Relative tie to meter height in plane 45th Annual Alaska Surveying & Mapping Conference February 21-25, 2011 Impact of Airborne Gravity Surveys on Geoid Modeling in Alaska Thursday, 0800-1200 36

37. Aircraft: Capability & Configuration Aircraft Operator Aircraft Type Engine Type Number of Engines Survey Survey Nominal Altitude (ft) Gravimeter Installation NOAA Cessna Citation II CE-550 JetDouble All 2008 & early 2009 35,000Cargo Area Naval Research Lab Hawker Beechcraft King Air RC-12 TurbopropDoubleAK0912,500 Behind Left Pilot Seat NOAA Turbo Commander 1000 695A TurbopropDoubleAK10-120,000 Back & Center of Fuselage Bureau of Land Management Pilatus PC-12 TurbopropSingle AK10-2, AK10-3, CA11-1 20,000 Center of Fuselage NOAA Lockheed P-3 Orion TurbopropFour-EngineAK11-120,000 Center of Fuselage

38. Airborne Instruments 38 TAGS IMU

39. Terrestrial Gravity Tie Absolute gravity sites not usually near airport and occupations often not recent. Set new gravity marks where necessary and at each airport of operations, for future use. Do all new absolute gravity readings and ties/gradients. – 2008-2010, FG-5 + G-meter relative instruments – 2011, A-10 + upgraded relative

40. GRAV-D Team Vicki Childers Theresa Diehl Sandy Preaux Justin Dahlberg Greg Watson Tim Wilkins Carly Weil (not pictured) Also pictured NOAA pilots Scott Price and Mark Sweeney Plus, data processors 2010 NGS Convocation40

41. Field Capability Developing the project from scratch Instrumentation – Acquisition, engineering, installation, troubleshoot Operating procedures Data Handling – QC: equipment working, data quality sufficient – Metadata creation, data archival, shipment to HQ More info: “GRAV-D on the Airfield” presentation http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GRAV-D/materials.shtml http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GRAV-D/materials.shtml 41

42. Field Capacity: Challenges Field team depth Need a dedicated aircraft – Present NOAA capacity is limited – Need both a long- and a shorter-range aircraft – Modifications for USGS magnetometer Needed instrumentation – Inertial measurement unit – Electronics racks

43. Post-Field Processing, Airborne Data Flow

44. Break Back in 10 minutes