1. IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Interventional Radiology Radiation Sources in medicine diagnostic Radiology Day 7 – Lecture 1(3)

2. IAEA 2 Objective To become familiar with the technology and operation of interventional radiology x-ray systems. To become familiar with the specific radiation risks for patients and staff associated with interventional radiology.

3. IAEA 3 Contents Description of interventional radiology x-ray systems. Equipment malfunction affecting radiation protection. Criteria of acceptability and quality control.

4. IAEA 4 Interventional Radiology Interventional radiology uses x-ray imaging to guide the placement of catheters, stents etc. in blood vessels and organs for the purpose of correcting or treating a particular condition.

5. IAEA 5 Interventional Radiology (cont) When contrast media is used to outline blood vessels, the technique of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) may also be used. During DSA, a “negative” digital fluoroscopic image of the body part under examination is digitally combined with each frame of the subsequent fluoroscopic image while a contrast medium is injected into the blood vessels. The resultant image (in real time or recorded) is displayed largely free of anatomy that might otherwise obscure the blood vessels. Queensland Diagnostic Imaging

6. IAEA 6 A fluoroscopic system that can be used for DSA and interventional radiology. Interventional Radiology (cont)

7. IAEA 7 Fluoroscopy is commonly used but computed tomography and ultrasound may also be used. Compared to other fluoroscopic procedures, fluoroscopic exposure times can be long and may be combined with extensive radiographic exposures. Patient and staff radiation doses can be high. Comprises fluoroscopically guided invasive procedures that predominantly have a therapeutic objective. Access to the organ or vessel of interest is usually percutaneous and generally performed under local anesthesia and / or sedation. Interventional Radiology (cont)

8. IAEA 8 Because the accumulated patient dose may be high, the equipment shall incorporate a continuous indication of patient dose such as a Dose-Area Product meter. A device must indicate the total elapsed fluoroscopic exposure time for each patient and provide an audible warning to the fluoroscopist at a predetermined interval, preferably not exceeding 5 minutes. Fluoroscopic systems used for interventional radiology must comply with the basic requirements that are applicable to fluoroscopic equipment (Module 2.4). Interventional Radiology (cont)

9. IAEA 9 The types of malfunctions that should be considered are: generator, x-ray tube and imaging system deficiencies listed in Modules 2.1 and 2.2, and fluoroscopy system problems listed in Module 2.4. Malfunctions affecting radiation protection

10. IAEA 10 inadequate radiation protection training received by interventional physicians. Assuming appropriate dedicated equipment is used, it functions correctly, is properly maintained and is subject to a quality assurance programme, other causes of avoidable patient and staff exposure during interventional radiology might result from: complex procedures which are not optimized (exposure parameters, the number of images acquired, dose rate, patient positioning, etc.); Problems affecting radiation protection