1. LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox
LEHNINGER
PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Sixth Edition
CHAPTER 10
Lipids
© 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company

2. Lipids Lipids are a family of compounds that are
relatively insoluble in water.
Lipids play major roles in:
energy storage
membrane structure
Other roles of lipids:
enzyme cofactors
light-absorbing pigments
hormones
signal transduction molecules

3. Lipids often contain fatty acids molecules.
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon
chains from 4 to 36 carbons long.
The most common biological fatty acids have an even
number of carbons between 12 and 24 carbons.
Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds)
or unsaturated (containing double bonds)
double bonds are in the cis configuration.
Nomenclature:
16:0 is a 16 carbon fatty acid with no double bonds
20:2 (D9,12) is a 20 carbon fatty acid with double
bonds after C-9 and C-12 (C-1 is COOH)

5. Packing of fatty acids into stable aggregates

6. Triacylglycerols contain three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol backbone

7. Triacylglycerols are stored energy in fat cells and plant seeds

8. The greater the percentage of saturated fatty acids in food fats the higher the melting temperature

9. Waxes are esters of long chain fatty acids

10. Common types of storage and membrane lipids

11. Glycerophospholipids, the main lipid component of biological membranes, contain two fatty acids esterified to a glycerol phosphate backbone

13. Structure of phosphatidylcholine

14. Glycerophospholipids with ether-linked fatty acids
Abundant in
the heart
Important in
inflammatory
response

15. Archaea contain unique membrane lipids

17. Sphingomyelin is similar in structure to phosphatidylcholine

18. Glycosphingolipids as determinants of blood groups
Glycosphingolipids contain the blood group antigens present on the surface of red blood cells

19. Blood Groups The carbohydrates on certain sphingolipids determine
your blood group, affecting the blood type you can
receive in a transfusion.
These sphingolipids are on the surface of erythrocytes.
Type A individual has A antigens and anti-B antibodies
Type B individual has B antigens and anti-A antibodies
Type AB individual has A and B antigens and neither
anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Type O individual has O antigen and both anti-A and
anti-B antibodies
Example: Type A individual cannot receive Type B blood.
Antigen-antibody interaction causes agglutination

20. The specificities of phospholipases, enzymes that cleave glycerophospholipids

21. Sterols have four fused carbon rings Cholesterol is the main sterol in animal tissues

22. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol Bile acids aid in emulsification of dietary fat in the intestine

23. Arachidonate is the precursor for eicosanoid hormones Eicosanoids are involved in pain, fever, inflammation

24. Other sterols are synthesized from cholesterol

25. Vitamin D is produced in the skin by UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholestreol

26. Vitamin A is a lipid belonging to the isoprenoid family

27. Some biologically important isoprenoids