1. Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the host
Ch 17

2. Immunity: ability of the body to resist pathogens
Innate resistance
Immunity: ability of the body to resist pathogens
Due to production of specific lymphocytes and antibodies
Acquired immunity
Naturally – active immunity – get it, get over it
Passive immunity – Mother to child, AB from mother (short term)

3. Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity
Figure 17.8

4. Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity
T and B cells develop from stem cells in red bone marrow
Humoral immunity
B cells mature in the bone marrow
Chickens: Bursa of Fabricius
Due to antibodies
Cellular immunity
Due to T cells
T cells mature in the thymus
ANIMATION Humoral Immunity: Overview

5. Artificially acquired immunity
Vaccination
Antiserum
Gamma globulin (IgG purified)

6. Fig 17-17

7. Antigen, anything that can cause an immunological response
Examples

8. Humoral vs.. cell mediated immunity
Humoral is serum immunity
Cell mediated depends on T cells

9. Antibody Structure The monomer is bivalent
4 ppt chains, 2 light and 2 heavy
All contain a V region where antibody binding occurs
Y or T shaped know where ab binds, know constant region.
Fc or constant region binds to host cell or complement.

10. 17.3

11. Epitopes

12. Haptens: example penicillin
Haptens are usually below 10kd mw or lower. Can produce and imune response is combine with a host protein, then the response can happened without the carrier molecule. Such as penicillon
Figure 17.2

13. Classes of Immunoglobulin
IgG serum, passive immunity, neutralize, precipitate, opsonize
IgM 5monomers on a chain, agglutination and complement
IgA monomer in serum, dimmers in mucus, protects outer surfaces.
IgD antigen receptors on B cells
IgE antigen receptors on mast cells and basophiles.

14. Apoptosis: programmed cell death, Lymphocytes that are no longer needed destroy themselves.
Clonal selection: during fetal development, self reacting AB is destroyed. During sickness more AB is produced (will review later)

15. Types of WBC
Granulocytes: Basophil, Neutrophil, eosinophil contain substances and histamine.
True phagocytes monocytes, macrophage
Lymphocyte. Antibody production. And Cell mediated immunity

16. Clonal Selection and differentiation of B cells

17. Results of antigen binding
Neutralize
Opsonizaiton
Agglutination
Fixing complement
Precipitation

19. Immunological memory
Ab titer
Plasma cells
Memory cells

20. Fig 17.15

21. Replace with fig 17.10

22. Monoclonal Antibodies
Immortal cells that produce an antibody that binds to one haptin.

23. Production of Monoclonal AB (fig 18.2)

25. Antibodies can now be manufactured
Used to tread diseases like cancer
How are antibodies treated so that they do not produce an immune response?

26. All of the previous activities are due to B cells.

27. T cells and cell mediated Immunity
Differentiate in the thymus gland (and others)
Classified by cell surface receptors (CD4)
Binds to antigen and APC by MHC

28. Practical applications of Immunology (ch 19)
Vaccines
Heard immunity: if > 85% are immune to a disease, the pathogen has difficulty spreading
Types
Attenuated whole agent – non pathogenic
Inactivated whole agent – dead
Toxoids – inactivated toxin
Subunit vaccine –purified protein
Conjugated vaccine
DNA vaccine – MHC1 associated responses

29. How to make vaccines Animals Cell culture Chick embryos
Recombinant vaccines are much safer

30. Disorders of the Human immune system

31. Defects
Hay fever
Transplant rejection
Autoimmunity
Infection
carriers

32. Hypersensitivity Rx that lead to tissue damage
Occur when person is sensitized
4 types

33. Autoimmune disease From loss of self tolerance
Self tolerance occurs during fetal development
Clonal deletion
Clonal anergy
Graves disease
Myasthenia gravis
Systemic lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Hashimotas disease
Insulin dependent diabetes

34. Types of T cells
Classified by certain glycoproteins on surface (clusters of differentiation (CD))
Th –T helper-CD4
Recognise an antigen presented on the surface of a macrophage and activate it.
Tc – Cytotoxic T cells –CD8
When activated by cytokines from the Th cell will change to kill self altered cells

35. Tr – Regulatory T cells – (turn down immune response)

36. Cytotoxic T cells are transformed into CTL’s by a cell with markers on it.
Same as 17.10

37. The MHC antigen complex induces a toll-like receptor

38. Organisms like large paracites that are too large for ingestion by phagocytic cells must be attacked externally