2. The organic parts of the bone matrix the collagen fibers and elastin make bones flexible; calcium salts deposited in the matrix make bone hard. Calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide magnesium fluoride and sodium Collagen fibers

3. What if the collagen and elastin were removed from this bone. What if the Calcium phosphate, Calcium hydroxide and the other minerals were removed from this bone?

4. Bone formation that is a two step process. The osteoblasts literally lay down bone over a hyaline cartilage model, then the hyaline cartilage is digested.

5. Important so that as the body is growing bones retain normal proportions and strength. It also allows for bones to become thicker and form large projections to increase their strength in areas where bulky muscles are attached. In bone remodeling osteoblasts lay down new matrix and then become trapped within it. Once trapped they become osteocytes or mature bone cells.

6. Calcium uptake and release work together with bone remodeling. The stress of the pull of muscles and gravity help determine where remodeling takes place or where the bone matrix is to be broken down. Calcium is either taken from the blood or added to the blood in these processes PTH (Parathyroid hormone) releases calcium from bone Calcitonin adds calcium to bone

9. Above: Note the relationship btwn the compact and spongy bone. Below: Close up of spongy bone. Bones are composed of connective tissue, chemicals, and fats Solid outer layer - compact bone Composed of osteons An inner layer of spongy bone a honeycomb of flat, needle- like projections called trabeculae.

13. The male pelvis is more robust, narrower, and taller than the female pelvis. The angle of the male pubic arch and the sacrum are narrower as well. The female pelvis is more delicate, wider and not as high as the male pelvis. The angle of the female pubic arch is wide and round. The female sacrum is wider than the male's and the iliac bone is flatter. The pelvic basin of the female is more spacious and less funnel-shaped.

14. Male: Heavier Skull size is larger than females. Bones are thicker The forehead is slightly sloping or receding. The vault of the skull is more rounded. The overall length of the skull is longer The chin is bigger and projects more forwards The zygomatic bones are also more massive. Supraorbital margins ore rounded Female: Lighter Skull size is smaller compared to males. Bones are Thinner The forehead is vertical. The vault is flattened. The skull is Rounded The facial bones are smoother B Both the mandible and the maxilla are smaller. Supraorbital margin is sharp

15. What is the affect of alcohol on bones? What is the affect of caffeine on bones? Write a 1-2 page paper answering one of the following questions Paper can be no less than one page; must be typed, < 1 margins, font size no more than 12, line spacing 1.5, times new roman or Ariel Due at the beginning of class Monday Dec 13, 2010