1. Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed?
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Objectives
Lesson objective -
Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)
Where are they headed?
What are the challenges?
Design
Technology
Lesson expectations -
Gain Familiarity
Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
Notation - by our definition of UAVs as reusable
UAV
Yes =
UAV
No =
2-1

2. Design of UAV Systems Amazing UAV facts
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Amazing UAV facts
The first reported heavier-than-air, powered flight was of a UAV, over the Potomac River, by Dr. Sam Langley (1896)
The first radio-controlled UAV flights were converted Navy trainers, flown over Long Island (1917)
The first mass production of UAVs was the Kettering Bug, costing $400 and capable of carrying a 300 lb bomb (1918)
The British Queen Bee UAV was landed by dragging a weighted antenna line on the ground, which then pulled back the stick and the throttle (1935)
4 UAVs with 2000 lb bombs attacked the Japanese merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits (1944)
Marilyn Monroe was “discovered” while working in the Radioplane OQ-3 UAV factory (1945)
Source: McDaid and Oliver, “Smart Weapons”, Barnes & Noble 1997
2-1a

3. Historical comparison - US
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Historical comparison - US
Pre-World War II
Manned aircraft
- Reciprocating engines
- Biplanes to monoplanes
- Fabric to semi-monocoque
Unmanned
- First unmanned vehicle
- First UAV
World War II
Manned aircraft
- Recips mature
- Structures mature
- First jets
Unmanned
- First combat use
- First drones
1950s
Manned aircraft
- Turbojets mature
- Advanced metalics
- Supersonics mature
Unmanned
- First real systems
- UAVs stagnate
1960s
Manned aircraft
- Turbofans mature
- First composites
- First fly by wire
- Complex analog systems
Unmanned
- UAVs go to war
Other - Unmanned space
1970s
Manned aircraft
- Full fly by wire
- Early digital systems
Unmanned
- First combat UAV
- First research UAV
- First tactical UAV
1980s
Manned aircraft
- Commercial FBW
- Composites mature
- Full digital systems
Unmanned
- Cruise missiles
- Tactical UAV (again)
1990s - Unmanned
- DARO Family of Vehicles
- Tactical UAVs (again)
- USAF / DARPA UCAV
Other - Reusable launchers
2002 and on
- UAVs mature
- Manned/unmanned synergy,co-existence
1990s - Manned aircraft
- Co-cured composites
- Pilots as managers
- Netted systems
2-2

4. Pre War Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV UAV Target drones
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Pre War
Kettering Bug (1918)
Aerial Torpedo
UAV
Radioplane 0Q-2A
(1935)
Culver PQ-14B
(1940)
UAV
UAV
Target drones
2-3

5. World War II Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV V-1 Buzz Bomb
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
World War II
V-1 Buzz Bomb
UAV
U.S. Buzz Bomb
USAAF BQ-7 (B-17F)
UAV
2-4

6. Surface-to-Surface Missiles
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1950s
Matador- 600 NMi Range
Mace Nmi Range
Snark NMi Range
Strategic
Surface-to-Surface Missiles
UAV
USSR had similar types
of systems
2-5

7. Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1950s (cont’d)
Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles
Regulus 1
Regulus 2
USSR also had
similar types
UAV
2-6

8. 1960s Reconnaissance UAVs Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV Lightning Bug
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1960s
Reconnaissance UAVs
UAV
UAV
Lightning Bug
AQM-34
D21 Tagboard on
M12 Mother Ship
2-7

9. Launch and space systems
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1960s - other
Launch and space systems
UAV
2-8

10. Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1970s
Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34
EO Maverick
EO Hobo
UAV
UAV
UAV
EO Maverick Attacking SAM Site
2-9

11. 1970s Design of UAV Systems Reconnaissance (Recce) UAVs UAV
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1970s
Boeing YQM-94A B-Gull
Reconnaissance
(Recce) UAVs
UAV
Teledyne Ryan YQM-96A R-Tern
Endurance 28 hrs 11 min Un-refueled
Compass Cope -
High Altitude Long
Endurance (HALE)
2-10

12. 1970s Design of UAV Systems UAV Cruise Missiles Boeing AGM-86
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1970s
UAV
Cruise Missiles
Boeing AGM-86
General Dynamics BGM-109
2-11

13. 1970s Design of UAV Systems Flight Research UAVs UAV HiMAT YF-16 RPRV
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1970s
Flight Research UAVs
HiMAT
YF-16 RPRV
UAV
Self-Repairing
Flight Control Sys.
XBQM-106
2-12

14. Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1970s
Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila
UAV
2-13

15. 1980s Design of UAV Systems Cruise Missiles UAV GD BGM-109G GD
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1980s
UAV
Cruise Missiles
General Dynamics AGM-129
GD BGM-109G GD
UGM-109C
GD RGM-109C
2-14

16. 1980s Design of UAV Systems UAV HALE UAV Boeing Condor
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1980s
Boeing Condor
UAV
HALE UAV
2-15

17. Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1980s
Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs
UAV
US Army Hunter
Pioneer - USN/USMC
GNAT-750
MR - UAV
2-16

18. 1990s DARO UAVs Design of UAV Systems UAV Outrider (TUAV)
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1990s
UAV
DARO UAVs
Outrider (TUAV)
Predator (Tier II)
Global Hawk (Tier II+)
Dark Star (Tier III-)
2-17

19. Global Hawk & Predator Design of UAV Systems Size Comparison
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Global Hawk & Predator
Size Comparison
2-18

20. US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200
1990s - Tactical UAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
UAV
Alliant Techsystems
Outrider
General Atomics
Prowler
US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200
TRW/S-TEC
Sentry
2-19

21. 1990s - VTUAV Design of UAV Systems NG Fire Scout selected UAV
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
NG Fire Scout selected
UAV
Cancelled
2-20

22. 1990s - Manned synergy Design of UAV Systems Design of UAV Systems UAV
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1990s - Manned synergy
UAV
2-21

23. 1990s - Reusable launchers Design of UAV Systems Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
1990s - Reusable launchers
UAV
2-22

24. Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed?
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Next subject
Lesson objective -
Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)
Where are they headed?
What are the challenges?
Design
Technology
Lesson expectations -
Gain Familiarity
Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
2-23

25. Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR)
Today - DARPA/Army
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR)
Armed unmanned complement to manned systems
- Future Combat System
- RHA-66 Comanche
Perform the most dangerous missions
- Strike and support
$500M over four (4) phases
- First phase 12 months, four (4) contractors
- Many competitors
Plus...
Raytheon
Sikorsky
Lockheed Martin
2-24

26. Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV
X-45A
X-45B
2-25

27. Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV
AIR VEHICLE
XX,XXX lb Gross Weight
X,XXX lb Empty Weight
High subsonic speed
Med-high altitude
XXX-XXXX nmi radius
XXXX-XXXX lb payload
Requirements
increasing?
grumman.com
2-26

28. Today - other DARPA Design of UAV Systems A-160 Hummingbird
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Today - other DARPA
A-160 Hummingbird
Hingeless, low disk-loading & RPM rigid rotor
VTOL range > 2,000nm
Endurance > hours
2-27

29. Today - Global Hawk Design of UAV Systems ACTD successfully completed
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
ACTD successfully completed
Low rate initial production approved
- 17 air vehicles plus four mission and launch control elements
Full-rate production starts FY-06
- 2 UAVs per year through FY 09, 4 thereafter
Assessing new payloads - signals intelligence
- Requires payload weight/volume increase
Will remain unarmed
2-28

30. Today - Predator Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Today - Predator
Predator A armed with Hellfire missiles
USAF orders 2 Predator B prototypes for evaluation
- Honeywell TPE T, flat-rated to 750shp
- 4,500kg take-off gross weight
- Max speed / altitude Kt / 50Kft
- 20m wingspan
- Triplex systems
- 1,360kg fuel
- 340kg internal payload
- 1360kg external payload
- 6 store stations/14 Hellfires
Predator B
2-29

31. Affordably expendable UAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Today - USMC
Affordably expendable UAV
2-30

32. Dragon Eye approach Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Dragon Eye approach
2-31

33. Today - US Navy Roadmap Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Today - US Navy Roadmap
Today
MRE Transitioning to UCAV-N?
2-32

34. (Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets)
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Today - US Navy VTUAV?
(Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets)
2-33

35. Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Tomorrow
UAV
Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
2-34

36. Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed?
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Final subject
Lesson objective -
Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)
Where are they headed?
What are the challenges?
Design
Technology
Lesson expectations -
Gain Familiarity
Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
2-35

37. Design and technology challenges
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Design and technology challenges
System Level
- Concepts of Operation
- Communications availability/reliability
- Multi-UAV operations
- UAVs in manned airspace
Air Vehicle
- Reliability and Safety
- Very long endurance
- Survivability
- Cost
Mission control
- Operators per vehicle
- Multi-vehicle control
Payloads
- Auto target recognition
- On board data processing
- Data compression
- Cost
Support system
- Reliability and Safety
- Logistics footprint
- Off base support
- Aerial refueling
2-36

38. UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Example - Manned airspace
All countries have rules for how aircraft must operate in their airspace.
Most follow guidelines developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Rules apply to two types of airspace
- Enroute airspace - the airways
- Terminal airspace - around airports
Airspace rules are based on manned aircraft experience
The established system is complex and slow to change
Pilots, not ground controllers, have primary responsibility for safe operation/separation of aircraft
UAVs have ground (?) controllers not pilots
UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system
2-37

39. Example - Logistics footprint
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Example - Logistics footprint
2-38

40. Example - Base operations
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Example - Base operations
Main Base
Forward Base
Emergency Base
2-39

41. What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)?
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Question
What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)?
UAVs are air vehicles, they fly like airplanes and operate in an airplane environment
- They are designed like air vehicles
- They have to meet flight critical air vehicle requirements
- Aerospace engineers understand the environment, the requirements and the design challenges
We know how to integrate complex, multi-disciplinary systems
We provide leadership in development of air vehicle systems
- UAVs are simply our next air vehicle system challenge
2-40

42. Design of UAV Systems Intermission Introduction to UAVs
c LM Corporation
Intermission
2-41