1. JFK & LBJ 1960-68 APUSH ch. 28 part 1

2. JFK Who did JFK run against in 1960? – Richard Nixon What advantages did each candidate have? – Nixon – well known (Ike’s VP) Good track record vs. communism (McCarthy era) – JFK Wealthy background War hero & Pulitzer Prize winner – How did JFK win? Televised debates – advantage for JFK (more telegenic)

5. JFK Administration Describe JFK’s Cabinet: – “the best & brightest” – elite intellectuals Scholarly & academic (unlike Ike’s cabinet, which was more business-oriented) No women in cabinet Brother Robert was Attorney General – Major issues for JFK? Cold War Civil Rights Environment – Priorities? Cold War #1 Everything else secondary

6. Kennedy & The Cold War Philosophy? – “Flexible response” – ability to confront communist aggression in several different ways Nuclear, conventional, or unconventional tactics – JFK’s policies/actions? Peace Corps – volunteers to bring American “goodwill” to Third World Funding of space race/NASA – embarrassed by Sputnik, wanted to be 1 st to moon – Alan Shepherd, John Glenn Expansion of US Army Special Forces (created by Ike) – Green Berets – Soldiers specially trained in political warfare, counterinsurgency, unconventional warfare, psychological operations, training allies to combat communism, and direct action when necessary

7. Cold War Incidents – JFK What happened in Germany? – Soviets put up Berlin Wall in 1961 What did JFK plan for Cuba? – Use Cuban exiles to oust communist Castro – Plan drawn up during Ike years – executed by JFK – Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Huge blunder, didn’t work – Effect? US embarrassed JFK determined to redeem himself Cuba becomes paranoid of US invasion – What happens next?

8. Cold War Incidents – JFK What happened in Cuba after the Bay of Pigs fiasco? – Cuba imports Soviet missiles – US sees them with spy plane recon photos – Missiles could reach US in minutes – JFK blockades Cuba – calls it a quarantine – why? Also vows to get rid of missiles already in Cuba By force if necessary – Showdown between US (JFK) and USSR (Khrushchev) – World at brink of nuclear war

10. Cold War Incidents – JFK Cuban Missile Crisis – how did it end? – USSR “blinks” – Vows to remove missiles from Cuba – US will not invade Cuba – US secretly removes missiles from Turkey (JFK saving face) Effects? – Hotline – White House to Kremlin – US builds nuclear arsenal – feels need to have more nukes than USSR

11. Cold War Incidents – JFK What was JFK’s attitude toward Vietnam? – Steps up US involvement – Lots of $$$ and aid flowing to SVN – Uses military advisors (lots of them), Special Forces, CIA mostly (not conventional troops) – Wants to keep it a small war – Diem hated in SVN Assassinated, replaced by military dictators

13. Social Movements under JFK Environment – Clean Air Act – Warned against pesticides “Silent Spring” – Rachel Carson Civil Rights – Mostly let events play out, intervened if necessary – Sit-ins and lunch counter demonstrations – Birmingham, 1963 Bull Connor Protesters attacked with cattle prods, fire hoses, dogs Turned public opinion against segregation (TV coverage) – U of Mississippi James Meredith integrates

14. Major Court cases during JFK’s administration Baker v. Carr (1962) – – apportionment – made sure voting districts not drawn in a way that made minority voters a non-factor Engel v. Vitale (1962) – – bans prayer in public school Abington v. Schempp (1963) – – bans reading of Bible in public schools Although…..Mrs. Shangraw’s 4 th grade classroom in Tenn began every day with a story from this book. And before you ask, she was NOT born before 1963, thank you.

15. LBJ & The Great Society How does LBJ become Pres.? – JFK assassinated in Texas in 1963 Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby before he can stand trial Numerous conspiracy theories – LBJ faces re-election in 1964 again Barry Goldwater Opponent of civil rights reform, welfare programs, gov’t spending, – LBJ wins – how? Portrays Goldwater as reckless in nuclear policy (because being a racist is ok) Goldwater would consider using nukes vs. Cuba or North Vietnam “Daisy” commercial – brilliant and groundbreaking “Daisy” Goldwater loses but launches modern republican strategy (Here you go, Matt and Sean!) – Coalition of southern & western conservatives

17. LBJ & The Great Society What is LBJ most known for? – Great Society – Civil Rights legislation – Increasing US involvement in VN Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) Why does LBJ pursue civil rights so aggressively? – Partly b/c he believed in it – Also b/c of his background – wanted to make sure he didn’t appear a racist southerner – Supposedly wanted to be remembered as one of greatest presidents

18. Civil Rights & Social Progress Major Milestones under LBJ: – Civil Rights act of 1964 – public segregation illegal – Voting Rights Act of 1965 – grandfather clause, literacy tests illegal Also voter registration movement – Civil Rights Act of 1968 – prohibited disc. in housing – 24 th Amendment – poll tax illegal – Motor Vehicle Safety Act – federal standards Inspired by Ralph Nader – “Unsafe at Any Speed” – Gideon v. Wainwright – state-provided lawyers ” My Dad’s next car. – Miranda v. Arizona – rights of the accused must be stated – Loving v. Virginia – strikes down state laws outlawing interracial marriage – Engel v. Vitale – no school prayer – Econ. Opportunity Act (and other programs) – War on Poverty Inspired by Michael Harrington – Education Acts (1965) – Medicare & Medicaid – Immigration Act (1965) – March on Washington, 1963