1. America’s War on Drugs

2. Drug use in the U.S. The demand for drugs in the United States has fueled a prosperous underground and illegal business. The question becomes what impact does this have on the United States?

3. All (ages 12 and other) Ever31.3 % 34.4 % 34.0 % 34.2 % 34.8 % 35.8 % 39.7 % 38.9 % 41.7 % Past year17.516.312.411.710.310.810.611.511.012.6 Past 30 days14.112.17.76.75.96.16.26.3 7.1 Incidence of use up to 2001

4. Drug use among Seniors in High School Drug use among high school seniors, 2002 DrugEver usedPast yearPast month Amphetamines16.8%11.1%5.5% Cocaine7.85.02.3 Crack3.82.31.2 Hallucinogens12.06.62.3 Heroin1.71.00.5 Inhalants11.74.51.5 LSD8.43.50.7 Marijuana/hashish47.836.221.5 MDMA (ecstasy)10.57.42.4 Methamphetamine6.73.61.7 PCP3.11.10.4 Steroids4.02.51.4 Source: Monitoring the Future Study

5. Drug Expenditures 1995 $40.0$13.2$10.2$9.2$2.7$75 1996 $39.2$12.8$9.5$10.1$2.7$74 1997 $34.7$11.4$10.5$9.3$2.5$68 1998 $34.9$11.1$10.8$8.0$2.3$67 1999 $35.6$10.1$10.6$5.8$2.6$65 2000*$35.3$10.0$10.5$5.4$2.4$64 DRUG USER EXPENDITURES Table 1. Total U.S. Expenditures on Illicit Drugs, 1988–2000 ($ Billions) YearCocaineHeroinMarijuanaMeth- amphetamineOther drugsTotal

6. The government’s role The issue before the federal government is to evaluate the costs to society of illicit drug use. What are the costs in terms of lost productivity, educational costs, money spent on drugs rather than legitimate economic activity, societal costs of rehabilitation, etc… Table 4. Drug Use by Current Employment Status, 1 1995–2000 2 (Percent Prevalence) Full- time Part- time Unempl oyed Other 3 Past month use of any illicit drug 19955.59.014.33.1 19966.28.612.53.0 19976.57.713.83.0 19986.47.418.22.8 1999 CAI6.16.36.23.3 2000 CAI6.37.815.43.5

7. National Drug Control Strategy Update 2003 February 2003 DRUG USE CONSEQUENCES Table 22. Estimated Direct 1 Costs to Society of Drug Abuse, 1992–2000 (2000 $, Millions) 1 YearHealth care costs Other costsTotal Direct costs 199213,13226,57939,711 199313,09526,40639,501 199412,95928,07841,037 199512,63030,30042,930 199612,40229,78242,184 199712,82132,38345,204 199813,43533,51346,948 1999 2 2 14,16535,05049,215 2000 2 2 14,89935,27450,173 1 1 ”Direct costs ” include health care costs attributable to drug abuse and other costs which include the cost of goods and services lost to crime and social welfare costs. 2 Figures for 1999 and 2000 are projections based on observed trends for 1992 through 1998. Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy. The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992–1998 (September 2001). 2

8. National Drug Control Strategy Update 2003 February 2003 Table 23.Estimated Indirect 1 Costs to Society of Drug Abuse,1992 –2000 (2000 $,Millions) 1 National Drug Control Strategy Update 2003 February 2003 Table 23.Estimated Indirect 1 Costs to Society of Drug Abuse,1992 –2000 (2000 $,Millions) 1 Premature death Drug abuse related illness Institutionalization/ hospitalization Productivity loss of victims of crime Incarcer ation Crime careers 199621,37521,9971,6642,53026,94925,782100,296 199717,79121,1281,7632,43228,87728,227100,218 199817,35124,1751,8662,26231,47725,725102,855 1999 2 2 17,82324,8321,8902,16433,51526,424106,648 2000 2 2 18,25625,4351,9152,21735,60127,066110,491

9. Costs to Society We can’t deny the fact that illicit drug use costs the U.S. billions of dollars a year. The issue for the government becomes how to attack the enemy and wage war.

10. Budget Outlays

11. Where to attack??? Demand? From the demand side. Gain an understanding of the affects of many drugs. Profiling America’s typical drug user and/or abuser.

12. Where to attack??? Supply? From the supply side. Protecting the borders. Cooperation from countries who are producing. Questionable due to potential for corruption.

13. Traffic The film "Traffic," tells the story of American and Mexican police working to combat the vast, underground network of drug production and distribution. The movie has an up close view of the dangers of addiction, and how deeply entrenched the drug networks are. By the end of the film, audiences are not only left wondering whether governments will win this so- called "war" but also whether winning is even possible. No Facet of society is left unscathed.

14. So far in our story… The story lines: 1. Mexican local and state police and the Federales. - Are the Federales corrupt or the police? - Often it is the Federales who are responsible for enforcing the drug laws.

15. So far in our story… 2. The new Drug Czar. - Head of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. - The previous head is based off the real Drug Czar in the 1990’s General Barry McCaffery. - Today that position is actually held by John Walters. The man on the right is the attorney general of Mexico Rafael Concha.

16. So far in our story… 3. DEA Case - Undercover gone wrong. - Will he sell his supplier out?

17. The Drug Czar’s Daughter What is she on??? Crack and heroin seem to be her drugs of choice. What is happening to her? Frontline link Table 1. Percentage of Americans reporting lifetime use of heroin, by age group, 1999–2001 Age199920002001 12–170.4% 0.3% 18–251.81.41.6 26–341.31.11.3 35 and older1.51.41.5 Total population1.41.21.4 Source: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.

18. Marijuana’s History in the U.S. Marijuana cultivation began in the United States around 1600 with the Jamestown settlers, who began growing the cannabis sativa or hemp plant for its unusually strong fiber that was used to make rope, sails, and clothing. Between 1850 and 1937 marijuana was widely used throughout United States as a medicinal drug and could easily be purchased in pharmacies and general stores. The increasing use of marijuana by mainstream white Americans helped lead to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, under which mandatory penalties for drug offenses were repealed by Congress and marijuana was categorized separately from other narcotics.

19. Marijuana’s History in the U.S. President Carter's administration pushed for decriminalization of marijuana, with the president himself asking Congress to abolish federal criminal penalties for those caught with less than one ounce of marijuana. In 1986, President Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, reinstating mandatory minimums and raising federal penalties for possession and distribution. NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) was created in 1970. It is the largest lobbying group for the decriminalization of marijuana. The debate hinges upon the impact occasional use has on society versus the addiction aspect and gateway aspect of marijuana use.

20. Decriminalization in Denver, Colorado. Passing with 54 percent of the vote, Initiative 100 states that if over the age of 21, possession of up to one ounce of marijuana is legal within city limits. However, state and federal laws override. Several states have lessened the penalty of possession of small amounts but still issue fines. Other cities, such as Seattle and Oakland, have passed laws making marijuana possession a low priority for police officers.

21. Frontline Video The video will take us though the impact penalties on marijuana has had on American Society. It will also take us through a little history relating to these penalties. A Quiz