1. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Module 06 Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts (continued) - Use of RE sources in electricity generation, in transport, and in other energy consumption modes -Ecological impacts of RE sources, and mitigation measures

2. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 RE technology options: - Hydroelectric - Hydroelectric - Solar - Solar - Wind - Wind - Geothermal - Marine (Wave and Tidal) - Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and Biodiesel)

3. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Wind power report. 7 th ed. London: ABS Energy Research; 2010

4. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Country Total installed capacity at 2010 (GW) Proposed installed capacity in 2020 (GW) China42.3200 USA40.2Lack of proper policies Germany27.255 onshore 10 offshore Spain20.740 onshore 05 offshore India13.1 Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Top 05 wind energy users

5. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Onshore wind farm

6. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy CountryInstalled capacity (MW)Start-up year USA781.5 735.5 662.5 599.8 585.3 523.3 500 2008 2005 2007 2009 2003 2005 2009 China5001989 USA458 450 2009 2007 Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Top 10 onshore wind farms until 2010

7. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy CountryCapacity (MW) China20,000 USA5050 USA4000 Sweden4000 Romania1500 Australia1000 USA500 - 1000 New Zealand860 USA845 Romania700 Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Top 10 proposed onshore wind farms

8. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Offshore wind turbine

9. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy CountryCapacity (MW) UK300 Denmark209; 207 UK194; 180; 172 Denmark166 Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Large offshore wind farms

10. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy The nacelle contains the gear box (sometimes), generator, step-up transformer & cooling system

11. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/inside_a_wind_turbine.html

12. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy

13. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy For more about different blades http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/wind-power/wind-turbines/

14. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Rotor diameter Swept area Rotor blade Tower Nacelle with gearbox and generator Hub height Underground electrical connections (front view) Foundation (side view) Drawing of the rotor and blades of a wind turbine

15. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Horizontal axisVertical axis Rotor diameter Rotor blade Tower Generator Nacelle Gearbox Rotor diameter Rotor blade Generator Gearbox

16. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy

17. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Wind turbine size In a large modern wind turbine, - the generator can be 100 times of the size of a similar turbine in 1980, - blade length has increased almost 8 times over the same period. - the rotor diameter ranges from 40 to 90 m, and is rated between 500 kW and 2 MW

18. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy "Aerogenerator X" is a vertical axial machine, that would stretch nearly 275 m from blade tip to tip and would stand nearly 600 ft high above the waves. Each turbine (10 MW capacity) should be able to generate energy equivalent to 2 million barrels of oil in 25-year lifetime.

19. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy - Sway (Norway) is planning to build massive floating turbines that would stick straight out of the sea from 100m-deep floating "masts" anchored to the seabed. - An EU-sponsored research project is also investigating 8 –10 MW turbines. - American and Danish companies are planning 9 MW machines. - Full-scale prototypes of all three leading designs are expected to be complete within three years. - These projects have the potential to transform the global energy market forever.

20. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39 Wind turbine size However manufacture of a large wind turbine could be hampered by factors like special reinforced materials and bespoke lifting vehicles, etc.

21. Prof. R. Shanthini 02 Feb 2013 Wind Energy each Lens measuring 112 meters in diameter, can provide enough energy for an average household.