1. INTRO PSYCH INTRO PSYCH Social Influence – Module 44 April 16-19, 2010 Class #34-35

2. Deindividuation Theory Deindividuation theory is a social psychological account of the individual in the crowd Deindividuation theory is a social psychological account of the individual in the crowd Deindividuation is a psychological state of decreased self-evaluation, causing anti- normative and disinhibited behavior Deindividuation is a psychological state of decreased self-evaluation, causing anti- normative and disinhibited behavior

3. Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo (1973) One of the all-time great sociology/psychology experiments One of the all-time great sociology/psychology experiments Illustrates deindividuation Illustrates deindividuation As we watch this short video clip, think of the person vs. situation debate As we watch this short video clip, think of the person vs. situation debate Also, imagine yourself as participants in this ethically troublesome experiment Also, imagine yourself as participants in this ethically troublesome experiment

4. Stanford Prison Experiment Thirty years ago, a group of young men were rounded up by Palo Alto police and dropped off at a new jail -- in the Stanford Psychology Department Thirty years ago, a group of young men were rounded up by Palo Alto police and dropped off at a new jail -- in the Stanford Psychology Department

5. These were just like real arrests… On a quiet Sunday morning... each was arrested for violation of Penal Codes 211, Armed Robbery or Burglary, a 459 PC On a quiet Sunday morning... each was arrested for violation of Penal Codes 211, Armed Robbery or Burglary, a 459 PC Some arrested still vividly remember the shock of having neighbors come out to watch the commotion as TV cameras recorded the hand-cuffing for the “nightly news” Some arrested still vividly remember the shock of having neighbors come out to watch the commotion as TV cameras recorded the hand-cuffing for the “nightly news”

6. Treated poorly from the start… Strip searched, sprayed for lice and locked up with chains around their ankles, the "prisoners" were part of an experiment to test people's reactions to power dynamics in social situations Strip searched, sprayed for lice and locked up with chains around their ankles, the "prisoners" were part of an experiment to test people's reactions to power dynamics in social situations

7. Don’t mess with us… Other college student volunteers -- the "guards" -- were given authority to dictate 24-hour-a-day rules Other college student volunteers -- the "guards" -- were given authority to dictate 24-hour-a-day rules

8. Soon, they were humiliating the prisoners…

9. And it got worse and worse…

10. It didn’t take long… Less than 36 hours into the experiment, Prisoner #8612 began suffering from acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, uncontrollable crying, and rage…he was released Less than 36 hours into the experiment, Prisoner #8612 began suffering from acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, uncontrollable crying, and rage…he was released

11. You want us to do what??? Upon hearing of a rumored break-out Zimbardo panicked… Upon hearing of a rumored break-out Zimbardo panicked… Instead of sitting back and observing what was to occur next, like the good experimental psychologist that he was… Instead of sitting back and observing what was to occur next, like the good experimental psychologist that he was… He went back to the Palo Alto Police Department and asked the sergeant if “we could have our prisoners transferred to your jail for at least one night” He went back to the Palo Alto Police Department and asked the sergeant if “we could have our prisoners transferred to your jail for at least one night” Zimbardo had also totally fallen into his role Zimbardo had also totally fallen into his role

12. Parole Board During the parole hearings they also witnessed an unexpected metamorphosis of the prison consultant as he adopted the role of head of the Parole Board During the parole hearings they also witnessed an unexpected metamorphosis of the prison consultant as he adopted the role of head of the Parole Board He literally became the most hated authoritarian official imaginable, so much so that when the experiment was over he felt sick at who he had become… He literally became the most hated authoritarian official imaginable, so much so that when the experiment was over he felt sick at who he had become… He acted no different than his own tormentor who had previously rejected his annual parole requests for 16 years when he was a prisoner He acted no different than his own tormentor who had previously rejected his annual parole requests for 16 years when he was a prisoner

13. “I think it is terrible what you are doing to those boys” Christina Maslach was a recent PhD graduate at Stanford and in a romantic relationship with Zimbardo Christina Maslach was a recent PhD graduate at Stanford and in a romantic relationship with Zimbardo She almost got physically ill when seeing the cruelty She almost got physically ill when seeing the cruelty

14. Her reactions convinced Zimbardo it was time to call it off… Maslach realized that the experiment was becoming very ugly…she couldn’t believe some of the transformations… Maslach realized that the experiment was becoming very ugly…she couldn’t believe some of the transformations… Upon her arrival, she had a pleasant conversation with a "charming, funny, smart" young man waiting to start his guard shift Upon her arrival, she had a pleasant conversation with a "charming, funny, smart" young man waiting to start his guard shift Other researchers had told her there was a particularly sadistic guard, whom both prisoners and other guards had nicknamed John Wayne Other researchers had told her there was a particularly sadistic guard, whom both prisoners and other guards had nicknamed John Wayne

15. Which one is “John Wayne”? Later, when she looked at the monitor of the prison yard again, she asked someone to point out John Wayne and was shocked to discover it was the young man she had talked with earlier… Later, when she looked at the monitor of the prison yard again, she asked someone to point out John Wayne and was shocked to discover it was the young man she had talked with earlier…

16. Jekyll and Hyde experience He was talking in a different accent ­ a Southern accent, which she hadn't recalled at all He was talking in a different accent ­ a Southern accent, which she hadn't recalled at all He moved differently, and the way he talked was different, not just in the accent, but in the way he was interacting with the prisoners He moved differently, and the way he talked was different, not just in the accent, but in the way he was interacting with the prisoners “It was like seeing Jekyll and Hyde” “It was like seeing Jekyll and Hyde”

17. Interesting note… Christina Maslach was one of about 50 visitors who had arrived after the experiment had began… Christina Maslach was one of about 50 visitors who had arrived after the experiment had began… She was the only one who complained about it She was the only one who complained about it The only one who suggested that it be stopped The only one who suggested that it be stopped

18. Full debriefing… Zimbardo: On the last day, we held a series of encounter sessions, first with all the guards, then with all the prisoners (including those who had been released earlier), and finally with the guards, prisoners, and staff together. We did this in order to get everyone's feelings out in the open… Zimbardo: On the last day, we held a series of encounter sessions, first with all the guards, then with all the prisoners (including those who had been released earlier), and finally with the guards, prisoners, and staff together. We did this in order to get everyone's feelings out in the open…

19. Who am I ? None of the guards left the experiment – most seemed to enjoy it None of the guards left the experiment – most seemed to enjoy it The prisoners were abused – some sobbed their way out The prisoners were abused – some sobbed their way out What would you have done differently had you been a guard? A prisoner? What would you have done differently had you been a guard? A prisoner?

20. Crowds and Deindividuation: The Halloween Studies Dierner et al. (1976) Dierner et al. (1976) Trick-or-treaters in groups more likely to steal extra candy than individual kids, unless they were individuated by being asked their names Trick-or-treaters in groups more likely to steal extra candy than individual kids, unless they were individuated by being asked their names Beaman et al. (1979) Beaman et al. (1979) Anonymous children in Halloween costumes stole more from a candy jar than kids asked their first names Anonymous children in Halloween costumes stole more from a candy jar than kids asked their first names Even less likely to steal if a mirror was put behind the candy bowl Even less likely to steal if a mirror was put behind the candy bowl

21. Back to the real world… Mullen (1986) Mullen (1986) Bigger the mob, the greater the atrocities Bigger the mob, the greater the atrocities

22. Zimbardo (1970): The abandoned car study Palo Alto, California vs. NYC Palo Alto, California vs. NYC

24. Conformity Changing one’s behavior to match the responses or actions of others (no pressure necessarily) Changing one’s behavior to match the responses or actions of others (no pressure necessarily)

25. The Chameleon Effect Chartrand and Bargh (1999) Chartrand and Bargh (1999) Participant and confederate worked on a task together Participant and confederate worked on a task together

26. Is behavior contagious? Milgram et al. (1969) Milgram et al. (1969) Research confederates congregated and craned their necks to gawk at a window on the 6 th floor of an apartment building Research confederates congregated and craned their necks to gawk at a window on the 6 th floor of an apartment building 80% of all passers-by stopped and gazed upward 80% of all passers-by stopped and gazed upward

27. Uncertainty In ambiguous situations, people tend to rely on information provided by others In ambiguous situations, people tend to rely on information provided by others Sherif asked students to judge the apparent movement of a stationary light on a wall Sherif asked students to judge the apparent movement of a stationary light on a wall Autokinetic Effect Autokinetic Effect A stationary spot of light in a dark room appears to move A stationary spot of light in a dark room appears to move

28. Sherif (1937) Put yourself in the role of the participant… Put yourself in the role of the participant… Day 1 Day 1 Participant stares at a pinpoint of light about 15 feet away Participant stares at a pinpoint of light about 15 feet away The light seems to be moving but you can’t be sure…after a few seconds it disappears The light seems to be moving but you can’t be sure…after a few seconds it disappears Sherif: How far did it move? Sherif: How far did it move? Participant: I’m not really sure but maybe about 8 inches Participant: I’m not really sure but maybe about 8 inches

29. Sherif (1937) Day 2 Day 2 The participant is now joined by three confederates The participant is now joined by three confederates This time all four stare at the pinpoint of light about 15 feet away This time all four stare at the pinpoint of light about 15 feet away Again, you think it moved about 8 inches Again, you think it moved about 8 inches Sherif: How far did it move? Sherif: How far did it move? Confederate 1: 2 inches Confederate 1: 2 inches Confederate 2: an inch or two Confederate 2: an inch or two Confederate 3: oh, no it can’t be more than one inch Confederate 3: oh, no it can’t be more than one inch Participant: oh, I guess about 6 inches Participant: oh, I guess about 6 inches Everyone else looks at you as if you are crazy Everyone else looks at you as if you are crazy

30. Sherif (1937) Day 3 Day 3 The same situation as Day 2 except this time you reply “about 4 inches” The same situation as Day 2 except this time you reply “about 4 inches” Day 4 Day 4 The same situation as Day 2 except this time you reply “its probably like 2 inches” The same situation as Day 2 except this time you reply “its probably like 2 inches”

31. Conformity: Asch’s Research on Group Influence Lets look at Asch’s classic research studies involving group pressure… Lets look at Asch’s classic research studies involving group pressure… Asch (1951, 1952, 1956 ) Asch (1951, 1952, 1956 )

32. Which of the lines on the left most closely matches line A on the right? Which of the lines on the left most closely matches line A on the right? A 123 In this early version, Asch had 16 “naïve” participants with 1 confederate who gave incorrect answers In this early version, Asch had 16 “naïve” participants with 1 confederate who gave incorrect answers Asch (1951)

33. Results: Results: Participants laughed at and ridiculed the confederate Participants laughed at and ridiculed the confederate

34. But when the participant was surrounded by confederates… Asch’s Research on Group Influence (1951, 1952, 1956) Asch’s Research on Group Influence (1951, 1952, 1956) Series of experiments most done with 1 participant and 5-8 confederates Series of experiments most done with 1 participant and 5-8 confederates Real participant would give their judgment after several confederates had already given theirs Real participant would give their judgment after several confederates had already given theirs After a round or two of hearing what appeared to be obvious wrong answers the real participant began to squirm and squint (see next slide) After a round or two of hearing what appeared to be obvious wrong answers the real participant began to squirm and squint (see next slide)

36. Which of the lines on the left most closely matches line A on the right? Which of the lines on the left most closely matches line A on the right? A 123 What would you say if you were in a group of 6 others, and all agreed the answer was 2? What would you say if you were in a group of 6 others, and all agreed the answer was 2? Asch (1956)

37. When alone, 95% of participants got all the answers correct… When alone, 95% of participants got all the answers correct… A 123 When confronted by the unanimous incorrect majority, participants conformed 37% of the time…in fact 75% went against their own eyes at least once if the group gave a wrong answer When confronted by the unanimous incorrect majority, participants conformed 37% of the time…in fact 75% went against their own eyes at least once if the group gave a wrong answer Asch (1956)

38. Some participants said they didn’t want to look silly or be rejected by the rest of the group Some participants said they didn’t want to look silly or be rejected by the rest of the group This is referred to as normative social influence This is referred to as normative social influence They wanted to “fit in” with the others They wanted to “fit in” with the others Some participants said it was because they thought the others must have had better eyesight or be better informed in some way Some participants said it was because they thought the others must have had better eyesight or be better informed in some way This is referred to as informational social influence This is referred to as informational social influence They were basically utilizing others as a source of information They were basically utilizing others as a source of information

39. Asch’s conclusions…conditions that strengthen conformity The following were influential insofar as conformity was concerned... The following were influential insofar as conformity was concerned... Group size Group size Incompetent and insecure individuals Incompetent and insecure individuals Group’s status and attractiveness Group’s status and attractiveness

40. Group size As the number of people increases so does conformity… As the number of people increases so does conformity… Asch varied the size of his groups using 1 to 15 confederates in his many studies Asch varied the size of his groups using 1 to 15 confederates in his many studies Once there was 3 or 4 confederates, the amount of additional influence was negligible Once there was 3 or 4 confederates, the amount of additional influence was negligible

41. Incompetent and insecure individuals When one is made to feel incompetent or insecure conformity is likely When one is made to feel incompetent or insecure conformity is likely

42. Group’s status and attractiveness Kind of goes without saying…if its a group you want to be a part of – you will likely conform to its opinions Kind of goes without saying…if its a group you want to be a part of – you will likely conform to its opinions

43. Asch’s conclusions…conditions that weaken conformity Presence of an ally – the “true partner effect” Presence of an ally – the “true partner effect” Independence Independence

44. Presence of an ally The presence of a true partner, who agreed with the subject, reduced conformity by 80% The presence of a true partner, who agreed with the subject, reduced conformity by 80% When we have an ally, we can diffuse the pressure because we are not the only one breaking the norm When we have an ally, we can diffuse the pressure because we are not the only one breaking the norm Substantially more difficult to stand alone for one’s convictions than when one is part of even a tiny minority Substantially more difficult to stand alone for one’s convictions than when one is part of even a tiny minority Any dissent can reduce the normative pressures to conform Any dissent can reduce the normative pressures to conform

45. Independence Some people care more about standing up for their rights than being disliked Some people care more about standing up for their rights than being disliked In the movie, “12 Angry Men” – a lone dissenter resisted the pressure to conform In the movie, “12 Angry Men” – a lone dissenter resisted the pressure to conform

46. Asch (1956) Bottom-line Conclusion: Bottom-line Conclusion: People faced with strong group consensus sometimes go along even though they think the others may be wrong People faced with strong group consensus sometimes go along even though they think the others may be wrong And these are strangers…what if they were member’s of your own circle of friends? And these are strangers…what if they were member’s of your own circle of friends?

47. Difference between Asch & Sherif studies Sherif: Sherif: Because of ambiguity, participants turned to each other for guidance Because of ambiguity, participants turned to each other for guidance Asch: Asch: Participants often found themselves in an awkward position Participants often found themselves in an awkward position It was obvious that group was wrong It was obvious that group was wrong

48. Difference between Asch & Sherif studies Sherif (moving light) Sherif (moving light) Subject didn’t know wasn’t correct answer Subject didn’t know wasn’t correct answer Reasonable to consider other’s views Reasonable to consider other’s views Participants later adopted social norms Participants later adopted social norms Conformity leads to internalization Conformity leads to internalization Asch (parallel lines) Asch (parallel lines) Participants knew there was a correct answer Participants knew there was a correct answer Conformity does not lead to internalization Conformity does not lead to internalization

49. Types of Conformity Private Conformity: Private Conformity: Changes in both overt behavior and beliefs Changes in both overt behavior and beliefs Public Conformity: Public Conformity: Superficial change in overt behavior only Superficial change in overt behavior only

50. Types of Conformity

51. Active and Public Commitments Students in one experiment were asked to judge lines in an Asch-type experiment Students in one experiment were asked to judge lines in an Asch-type experiment Before hearing group members make erroneous judgments: Before hearing group members make erroneous judgments: Some privately wrote down their judgments (Active Commitment Only) Some privately wrote down their judgments (Active Commitment Only) Others wrote their judgments and gave them to the experimenter (Active plus Public Commitment) Others wrote their judgments and gave them to the experimenter (Active plus Public Commitment)

52. 100%100% 80%80% 60%60% 40%40% 20%20% 0%0% COMMITMENTCOMMITMENT Public Commitments Neither Active nor public % Sticking w. Orig. Judgment Deutsch & Gerard, 1955 Of those who made NO COMMITMENT to their original decisions, only about half stuck with them in the face of group pressure

53. 100%100% 80%80% 60%60% 40%40% 20%20% 0%0% COMMITMENTCOMMITMENT Public Commitments Neither Active nor public Active Only % Sticking w. Orig. Judgment Deutsch & Gerard, 1955 Making a PRIVATE COMMITMENT increased the likelihood of sticking to the original correct judgment

54. 100%100% 80%80% 60%60% 40%40% 20%20% 0%0% COMMITMENTCOMMITMENT Public Commitments Active Only Active Plus Public % Sticking w. Orig. Judgment Deutsch & Gerard, 1955 Making the commitment PUBLIC further increased the likelihood of resisting group pressure Neither Active nor public

55. Obedience Milgram (1963) Milgram (1963) Obedience experiments Obedience experiments The behavior change that comes in response to a demand from an authority figure The behavior change that comes in response to a demand from an authority figure

56. Obedience Most authority figures have been given their authority by society Most authority figures have been given their authority by society We are just told to follow what they tell you to do We are just told to follow what they tell you to do Every person at some time in their life has followed a superior without questioning why they are doing what they are doing Every person at some time in their life has followed a superior without questioning why they are doing what they are doing For example we never question why we take tests in school For example we never question why we take tests in school We just take them because we are told to do so We just take them because we are told to do so

57. Milgram’s questionnaire… Everyone answering Milgram's questionnaire said they would refuse to punish the learner Everyone answering Milgram's questionnaire said they would refuse to punish the learner They also believed that other people would disobey They also believed that other people would disobey Most people reject unnecessary pain and therefore would not follow brutal orders Most people reject unnecessary pain and therefore would not follow brutal orders The responses of college students, psychiatrists, and middle-class adults all predicted that only 1% or 2% of the general population would obey such orders fully, administering the highest shock available The responses of college students, psychiatrists, and middle-class adults all predicted that only 1% or 2% of the general population would obey such orders fully, administering the highest shock available

58. Milgram Obedience Experiments Psychiatrists guessed that 1 in 1000 would go clear to 450 volts (only “true psychopaths”) Psychiatrists guessed that 1 in 1000 would go clear to 450 volts (only “true psychopaths”) But, in the original study, 26/40 went all the way But, in the original study, 26/40 went all the way

59. Results of Milgram’s Obedience Experiment Adapted from S. Milgram "Behavioral Study of Obedience" from Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Used by permission of Alexandra Milgram.

60. What would you have done? Don’t commit the Fundamental Attribution Error! Don’t commit the Fundamental Attribution Error!

61. Factors Affecting Obedience in original study Prestige and status of authority figure Prestige and status of authority figure Supported by prestigious institution Supported by prestigious institution Person giving orders was close at hand Person giving orders was close at hand Milgram was right there Milgram was right there Victims were depersonalized Victims were depersonalized Out of sight Out of sight Presence of others who disobey Presence of others who disobey Here, no role models who disobeyed Here, no role models who disobeyed

62. In replications… Legitimacy of Authority Legitimacy of Authority When a “clerk” gave the orders, compliance was 20% When a “clerk” gave the orders, compliance was 20% Proximity of Authority Figure Proximity of Authority Figure When Milgram gave commands by telephone, compliance dropped to 21% When Milgram gave commands by telephone, compliance dropped to 21% Emotional Distance Emotional Distance When learner was in the same room, full compliance dropped to 40% When learner was in the same room, full compliance dropped to 40% When teacher applied learner’s hand to shock plate, compliance fell to 30% When teacher applied learner’s hand to shock plate, compliance fell to 30% Group Influence Group Influence When two confederates “refused” to keep going, only 10% of real subjects fully complied with the orders When two confederates “refused” to keep going, only 10% of real subjects fully complied with the orders

63. Factors That Influence Obedience Based on information in Obedience to Authority by Stanley Milgram (c) 1974. Reprinted with permission..

64. Explanations for Obedience Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Behavior (shocking learner) conflicted with belief (learner is a decent person) Behavior (shocking learner) conflicted with belief (learner is a decent person) So solution is to alter belief: “He’s such an idiot he deserves to get shocked” So solution is to alter belief: “He’s such an idiot he deserves to get shocked” The experimental procedure itself The experimental procedure itself Participants were led to feel relieved of personal responsibility for the victim’s welfare Participants were led to feel relieved of personal responsibility for the victim’s welfare Gradual escalation of shocks was used Gradual escalation of shocks was used Which technique already discussed did Milgram utilize? Which technique already discussed did Milgram utilize?

65. Milgram’s Experiments Relevance of Milgram’s research to today’s society… Relevance of Milgram’s research to today’s society… Ethical questions surrounding Milgram’s obedience experiments… Ethical questions surrounding Milgram’s obedience experiments… Milgram’s participants were tormented by experience Milgram’s participants were tormented by experience Well, Milgram reported that 84 percent of subjects later said they were glad to have participated Well, Milgram reported that 84 percent of subjects later said they were glad to have participated

66. The Learner’s Protests

67. The Prods Used in Milgram’s Experiment “Please continue” “Please continue” “The experiment requires that you continue” “The experiment requires that you continue” “It is absolutely essential that you continue” “It is absolutely essential that you continue” “You have no other choice; you must go on” “You have no other choice; you must go on”

68. The Obedient Participant No gender differences observed in level of obedience No gender differences observed in level of obedience Milgram’s basic findings have been replicated in several different countries and among different age groups Milgram’s basic findings have been replicated in several different countries and among different age groups

69. Social Facilitation If performance can be individually evaluated, the presence of others will be arousing (improve performance on simple tasks but interfere with performance on complex tasks) If performance can be individually evaluated, the presence of others will be arousing (improve performance on simple tasks but interfere with performance on complex tasks)

70. Triplett (1898) Was one of the first scientists to ask the question "What happens when individuals join together with other individuals?" Was one of the first scientists to ask the question "What happens when individuals join together with other individuals?" Triplett, who was a bicycling enthusiast, noticed that cyclists performed better in races than they did when they were paced by motor-driven cycles or when they were timed riding the course alone Triplett, who was a bicycling enthusiast, noticed that cyclists performed better in races than they did when they were paced by motor-driven cycles or when they were timed riding the course alone

71. Zajonc (1965) Proposed that the mere presence of others increases arousal which in turn affects our performance Proposed that the mere presence of others increases arousal which in turn affects our performance

72. Zajonc (1969) Cockroach study Cockroach study Cockroach placed in a tube with a bright light at one end of the tube… Cockroach placed in a tube with a bright light at one end of the tube… To escape the light, the cockroach had to run down the tube and into a darkened box at the other end of the tube… To escape the light, the cockroach had to run down the tube and into a darkened box at the other end of the tube… IV: Presence or absence of other cockroaches IV: Presence or absence of other cockroaches DV: Speed of escape DV: Speed of escape Results: Cockroaches were faster to escape when other cockroaches were present Results: Cockroaches were faster to escape when other cockroaches were present

73. Criticisms of Zajonc Support for this model was eroded when later studies showed that the type of audience was important e.g. home or away fans Support for this model was eroded when later studies showed that the type of audience was important e.g. home or away fans The exact mechanism behind the social facilitation has yet to be determined but all of the following have been proposed: heightened self-awareness, self- consciousness, self-presentation concern, self-monitoring and self-attention The exact mechanism behind the social facilitation has yet to be determined but all of the following have been proposed: heightened self-awareness, self- consciousness, self-presentation concern, self-monitoring and self-attention

74. Michaels et al. (1982) Secretly rated pool players in a hall as above average or below average ability… Secretly rated pool players in a hall as above average or below average ability… Then a group of confederates came and stood by their table as they played Then a group of confederates came and stood by their table as they played The above average players' shot accuracy improved from 71 to 80% accurate, while the below average players slipped from 36 to 25% accurate The above average players' shot accuracy improved from 71 to 80% accurate, while the below average players slipped from 36 to 25% accurate

75. Social Loafing If performance cannot be individually evaluated, the presence of others will lead to a diminished effort on the part each person If performance cannot be individually evaluated, the presence of others will lead to a diminished effort on the part each person

76. Latane et al. (1979) IV: clapping alone vs. clapping in groups of 2, 4, or 6 people IV: clapping alone vs. clapping in groups of 2, 4, or 6 people DV: amount of noise made by each participant DV: amount of noise made by each participant Results: Results: As the size of the group, individual sound decreased As the size of the group, individual sound decreased

77. Why the lack of effort? They feel less accountable and therefore worry less about what others think They feel less accountable and therefore worry less about what others think They view their contribution as dispensable They view their contribution as dispensable Often feel they can get away with “free-riding” Often feel they can get away with “free-riding” Plain and simple reality? Plain and simple reality? People are motivated by rewards…if they don’t feel they’ll get any credit then they probably won’t bust their… People are motivated by rewards…if they don’t feel they’ll get any credit then they probably won’t bust their…

78. Group Polarization The exaggeration through group discussion on initial tendencies in the thinking of group members The exaggeration through group discussion on initial tendencies in the thinking of group members For example: For example: Low prejudice groups can become less prejudiced and high prejudiced groups can become more prejudiced Low prejudice groups can become less prejudiced and high prejudiced groups can become more prejudiced

79. Groupthink Group decision-making that is not optimal, sometimes disastrous, because the group’s primary goal is consensus instead of accuracy Group decision-making that is not optimal, sometimes disastrous, because the group’s primary goal is consensus instead of accuracy Example: Example: U.S. Space Shuttle Challenger explosion U.S. Space Shuttle Challenger explosion

80. Credits Some pictures and slides in this presentation prepared by: http://www.rudypark.com/editorialcartoons/topics/USculture/980623conformity.gif Some pictures and slides in this presentation prepared by: http://www.rudypark.com/editorialcartoons/topics/USculture/980623conformity.gif http://www.rudypark.com/editorialcartoons/topics/USculture/980623conformity.gif http://www.lermanet.com/exit/milgram/conform.htm