1. T HE C HANGING E ARTH Science 20 Mr. Horne

2. T HE L ONG B EGINNING For the last 2500 years, people of the Dene Th’a First Nation have followed the current of the Slave River north as they travel to their hunting grounds. Along the way they’ve always had to portage around a peculiar belt of reddish- coloured granite rock that cut across the river.

3. T HE P RECAMBRIAN S HIELD This reddish colored granite is called Slave granite, which is part of the precambrian shield, also known as the Canadian Shield.

4. T HE P RECAMBRIAN S HIELD When a rock layer that is normally underground is exposed, like the Slave Granite, it is called an outcrop. Other examples of outcrops, such as those noted in Figure C1.4, (Page 297) are mountain rock faces, canyon walls, river valley cliffs, and coastal cliffs. Outcrop: a part of a rock formation that apprears above the surface of the surrounding land.

5. E ARTH I S L IKE AN E GG

6. http://www.tools4teachers.ab.ca/t4t/courses/cours es/senior/science20_txtbk/Start.html

7. P RACTICE 1. Read Pages 298-299 2. Copy and complete the table on Page 299. (Practice Question 1) 2. Include a diagram of where the components within the table on page 299 are present within the Earth. Hand in your work to Mr. Horne

8. M OTION IN THE M ANTLE

9. C RUSTAL P LATES The lithosphere is like the shell of an egg, but it is not a single rigid cover. Instead, the lithosphere is more like the cracked shell of the egg on the right—a mosaic of rigid pieces called crustal plates.

10. P LATE T ECTONICS The same principles that were demonstrated in the applet “How Convection Works” explain how the crustal plates are driven by convection currents of hot material from within the mantle. This explanation is called plate tectonics.

11. P LATE T ECTONICS

12. S EA -F LOOR S PREADING When the crustal plates separate at mid-oceanic ridges, the process is called sea-floor spreading. This means the youngest rocks on oceanic plates are located closest to the spreading centre; the rocks steadily get older as they move away from the ocean ridges. This has been verified by deep- sea drilling operations. Core samples taken from the ocean floor show a steady increase in age away from the ocean ridges.

13. P ALEOMAGNETISM Researchers found that sections of the sea floor have rocks with their magnetic fields pointing in the opposite direction, indicating that the magnetic field of Earth has reversed more than once in the past several million years. Refer to Figure C1.8.

14. P ALEOMAGENTISM If the magentic pole is in the southern hemisph ere, then the new crust will show a magentic pattern in that direction.

15. R EVERSAL OF THE E ARTH ’ S M AGNETIC FI ELD Our poles have switched numerous times throughout history.

16. Earth's magnetic poles switch at random intervals--as short as tens of thousands of years apart to more than a million years--an average of once every 200,000 years. It's hard to imagine such an event: the south magnetic pole becoming the north and visa versa. Unsettling. That's the way it happens too--Earth's field becomes disorganized during the time of reversal, which can stretch out 5,000 years. Maybe that's short on a geological scale but plenty long on a human one. So, the flip causes no significant bad effect on life. How about any effect? Mutations might increase. Birds and other animals that depend on the magnetic field for orientation might get confused during migrations. However, five thousand years gives them much time to adapt so maybe they wouldn't notice.

17. E ARTH ’ S M AGETIC F IELD

18. A PPLYING C ONCEPTS Applying Concepts Like its name suggests, a lava lamp is a good model of Earth's convection currents. The semi- fluid material inside the lamp could represent the mantle. The heat source at the lamp's base could represent heat from Earth's core. A bubble starts at the bottom of the lamp, slowly rises, and then sinks again. Explain, step by step, the forces that affect the movement of fluid bubbles in the lava lamp.

19. F INISHED ? Read Pages 302-305 Answer Questions 1- 7 Hand in to Mr. Horne