1. Sand Fly Surveillance in Kenya: the Need to Update Vector and Pathogen Distributions
CPT Jeffrey Clark
Elizabeth Kioko
Unclassified

2. Disclaimer

3. Introduction Background Project overview Snapshot of current results
Leishmaniasis and known distribution
Project overview
Snapshot of current results
Leishmanial assay results
Phlebotomus orientalis in Kenya
Conclusions
Acronyms: CL = cutaneous leishmaniasis
VL = visceral leishmaniasis

4. Background
Leishmaniasis is a diverse group of disease caused by protozoan parasites; Leishmania.
Estimated 12 million people in 88 countries affected.
350 million at risk.
Disease spectrum: cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.
Transmission is by infective bite of a female sand fly.
-Phlebotomus (old world) and Lutzomyia (new world)
Etiological agents found in Kenya.
L. donovoni, L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica

5. Disease distribution: the literature
Historical distribution of leishmaniasis in Kenya (Schaefer et al based on Lawyer et al. 1989).

6. Disease distribution: the literature
VL:
Wajir
(Marlet et al. 2003)
Dadaab
(Boussery et al. 2001)
Sudan border
(Elnaiem et al. 1998)
Kekonyokie
(Johnson et al. 1993)

7. Project Overview Sand fly collections from several regions in Kenya.
Over 200 trap sites to date.
Subset of specimens from each trap mounted, cleared and identified.
Specimens tested for infection with Leishmania spp. parasites.
Conventional/real-time PCR.

8. Trap Sites Originally focused on where CJTF-HOA assets were operating.
Adding more sites to complete the risk picture.

9. Snapshot of Current Progress
Over 3000 specimens identified
Over 6000 tested for infection
14 pools tested positive with conventional PCR
4 Pools positive for L. major using RT-PCR probes (Wortmann et al. 2005).

10. Origin of L. major positive pools

11. Importance All L. major positive pools collected in non-endemic areas.
CL likely severely underreported due to lack of morbidity & recognition
The known Kenyan vector (P. duboscqi) has not been collected at these sites.
Multiple vectors?
Bottom line: risk area for contracting CL in Kenya likely far more widespread than the literature indicates.

12. Sand flies & Visceral Leishmaniasis Risk
P. orientalis

13. P. orientalis distribution
Historical P. orientalis reports: (Killick Kendrick et al. 1994)
Wajir: (1943)
Sericho: 3 specimens (1953)
Tseikuru: 1 specimen (1956)
Kekonyokie: 4 specimens (1993)
To date (March 2009) 729 P. orientalis specimens identified
683 from Isiolo district
621 (Aug 08)
62 (Mar 09)
46 from Tana River district
0 (Jul 08)
46 (May 09)

14. Importance
P. orientalis is the main VL vector in Sudan and a major vector in Ethiopia.
1000 cases reported per year in Eastern Sudan and a recent outbreak in Southern Sudan claimed 100,000 lives (Elnaiem et al. 1998).
Ethiopia reports on average 2000 cases per year (Alvar et al. 2007).
Kenyan outbreaks historically have consisted of cases over the last 60 years (Tonui 2006).
Only 2 outbreaks eclipsed 1000 cases in the 1950s
Known vector P. martini
Bottom line: should P. orientalis become a major vector in Kenya outbreaks could become more widespread and severe.

15. Conclusions
CL: Distribution of L. major may be more widespread than previously thought.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is likely a significant but underreported problem.
VL: P. orientalis, the major sand fly vector of VL in Sudan, is now present in large numbers in Kenya.
Unclear if this is a permanent or cyclical phenomenon.
Important to note that we have not found sand flies infected with L. donovoni to date.

16. Next Steps
Much work to be done before a reliable risk map for leishmanial disease can be developed for Kenya.
Continue sampling and expand coverage to areas where historical data is lacking to include Tanzania and Uganda.
Explore possible link between El Nino rains, severe drought, and VL outbreaks.
Work to improve CL and VL risk estimates in Kenya

17. Acknowledgements Funding partners KEMRI/USAMRU-K team GEIS NCMI
John Kamanza
Nicholas Odemba
Francis Ngere
Santos Yawala
Gladys Kerich
Erick Oyugi

18. Questions?