1. Needs for Emission Inventory Update in China Environmental Monitoring Environmental Satellite Center, the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China Li Qing

2. Outline 1. The pollution source investigation in China 2. The importance for getting the emission by Remote Sensing technology 3. Specific needs for pollution inventory by top down method 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion

3. Pollution Sources are the places, facilities, installations etc, from production, living and other activities or other sources which can emit the pollutants or have adverse effects on environment. The pollution source investigation is an important work to know the situation of the country. It is a basic and strategical work for environmental protection in China.

4. The pollution source investigation in China  1. 1985, the first pollution source investigation, Just concerning industrial sectors.  2. 2008,the first national pollution source census. Stage summary meeting for national pollution source census

5. The first national pollution source census in China includes three parts:  1. All industrial pollution sources, in order to get the following specifications: the basic information of pollution sources, the type, concentration ， emission quantity of the pollutants, and the pollution control facilities and their operation conditions.  2. Agricultural sources, to know the pollutants emitted mainly from scaled breed aquatics and non-point pollution ， including scaled water usage and drainage, usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, feed and feed additives; and the conditions of disposing straw and other crop residues ； emission quantity and its regulation of the key pollutants, and also includes the situation of pollution control facilities and their operation status.

6.  3. life sources : sewage, garbage and medical waste Finally, the database of pollution source inventory will be established according to the technical specifications of the census. sewage garbage medical waste

7. The aim for pollution source census in China  investigate the number, sector and regional distribution of almost all kinds of pollution sources  find out the generation, emission and disposal of the key pollutants  establish and improve the database of the pollution source inventory  in order to provide evidence for establishing policy and plans for socio-economic development and environmental protection, especially important for making pollution control policy for environmental protection.

8. 2. The importance for getting the air pollution emission by Remote Sensing Technology  The above source investigation introduced is a routine way, often called as down-top method.   As to investigate the pollution source information: energy data, emission factors, socio-economic information. To energy data, emissions from fuel combustion sources in one of the main part,but it includes many sectors and fuel types. It is difficult to quantify the uncertainties of some factors such as emission factors and activity levels ， so sometimes judgment from expert is often used to assign estimates uncertainties to emissions.

9. Questions:  Is it reliable of the energy data and socio-economic information?  Is it applicable of the emission factor?  Is it objective of the activity level?  ………..?? These factors still limit to ensure the quality of data. The most of the aspects are difficult to be got comprehensively and accurately by traditional down-top way. Besides, despite the importance of understanding the situation of annual, seasonal or even daily variations of air quality, it is very hard to do the time series of emissions work.

10.  In China, national pollution source census concerning a wide range and many departments. It is a very tough task. It is time-consuming, and needs high technology to support, also the result just represents the situation in a fixed time. It is hard to satisfy the need of China Environmental monitoring, management, and supervision.

11. Remote Sensing method can contribute to emission inventory  As we know, Emission inventory of pollution source is an integrated list of various pollutants emitted by all kinds of air pollution source in a specific geographical area at a certain time interval. A complete list includes: background information, description of geographical area, a detailed description of various types of pollution sources, and the estimation quantity for different types of pollutants and the relative estimation method.

12. Now it is possible to improve the traditional investigation way by top-down method The space-based Global Observing System

13. Satellite Sensors for the Observation of air :  TOMS: （ Nimbers7(1978-1993) ;Meteor-3(1991-1994) ； Earth Probe (1996-2005 ) (O3, SO2 ）  GOME (1995-2003): O3, SO2,N2O, …  IMG (1996-1997): O3,CO,CH4,HNO3  MOPITT(2000-): CO, CH4(?)  SCHIMACHY(2002-):O3,SO2,N2O,CH4,CO2  AIRS (2002-): O3, CO,CH4, CO2,N2O,HNO3  MIPAS(2002-)  ACE-FTS(2003-): O3,N2O,CO,CH4,HNO3  MLS,OMI,TES (AURA, 2004-)  GOME-2 (2006-, METOP)  IASI (2006-, METOP)  GOSAT-FTS(2009.1.23)CO2 、 CH4 Now it is possible to improve the traditional investigation way by top-down method

14.  At present, satellite remote sensing technology has achieved some results in monitoring pollutants. It can also estimate the emissions of some pollutants through further work.

15. Yearly averages for 2004 to 2008 Spatial and temporal distribution of some pollutants SO2

16. Comparison of SO 2 concentration in DU from satellite data with the predictions of atmospheric model GEOS-Chem for January and July of averaged over 2004-2009. (a) Jan (b) Jul

17. Tropospheric SO 2 vertical columns in DU averaged during 2004 - 2008 over China (1) east of China; (2) Sichuan basin; (3) Pearl River Delta region; (4) west of China

18. Regional NO 2 of 19 November 2009 Total column (left)Tropospheric column (right) NO 2 in October 2009 NO 2

19. Difference of Methane (Sept-May) from AIRS and Model

20. Nov. 30,2008 : Global CO monitoring by MOPITT （ http://www.acd.ucar.edu/mopitt/MOPITT/data/plots4/mapsv4.html ） http://www.acd.ucar.edu/mopitt/MOPITT/data/plots4/mapsv4.html 2005 : Global CH4 monitoring by SCIMACHY （ http://www.acd.ucar.edu/mopitt/MOPITT/data/plots4/mapsv4.html ） http://www.acd.ucar.edu/mopitt/MOPITT/data/plots4/mapsv4.html Oct.12-13 : Global O3 monitoring by OMI

22. HJ-1 is composed of three satellites. HJ-1A,HJ- 1B,HJ-1C. HJ-1A,HJ-1B were launched in Sep. 2008. China Environmental Satellite One(HJ-1) HJ-1A ： HSI ， CCD HJ-1B ： CCD ， IRS HJ-1C ： Radar HJ-1 constellation

23. HJ-System

24. HJ-1 and its Atmospheric Application AOD retrieval - PM quality concentration monitoring Fog and haze monitoring Straw burning monitoring Dust monitoring

31.  From the above achieved results, we can see there have some examples in some countries to monitor the pollution situation. But in China, for lacking of regular RS data and technology measures, the RS way is still not widely adopted in daily environmental monitoring.

32. What’s the need ? 1. What’s the distribution （ spatial and temporal) conditions of the pollutants?  PMl0, PM2.5, NOX, S0 2 ， CO ， BC 、 OC In China now, among them PM,SO 2 ， NO 2,CO 2, CH 4 are the important pollutants needed to be monitored and controlled. Density (concentration), emission quantity

33. Natural or anthropogenic? Volcanic eruption, Biomass burning, industry emission, soil emission, transportation emission, aircraft, lightning  2. Where are the pollutants come from? CH 4 Emission may caused by Rice Fields, Black Soil …. CO 2 may caused by industrial emission, Black Soil …. CO may caused by car emission, biomass burning ….

34. Do they come from some Pollution events ?  Example: Biomass burning, as a global problem, is becoming the focus by the public. As we know, Straw burning is an important part of it. Straw burning will produce a large amount of harmful gases.  What’s ration of the pollutants is caused by the pollution events? CO2 CO NOx …… C6H6 PAHs PM… … 2. Where are the pollutants come from?

35. 3. What’s the amount of emission of the pollutants?  For those pollutants whose lifetime is short, such as SO 2, NO 2, CH 4 etc. It may be reasonable to discuss the relationship between the emission inventory and satellite vertical column densities (VCDs). SO 2, is one of the main pollutants in China. Its emission control is one of the two total quantity control indexes in China Environment protection policy. Because SO2 emissions in China depended strongly on the sulfur content of coal, China have adopted a series measures to desulfurize the sulfur content of coal in recent years. But we often need to know if these desulfurize equipments have been normally operated and have deduced the emission as expected. So we need satellite to monitor its control effects.

36. As to NO2, some researches has reported the rapid emission increases over China based on Satellite instrument GOME and SCIMARCHY monitoring result. High emission can lead to high pollutant columns. But how to get the exact emission magnitude through the satellite-derived column still need to be studied.

37. GOME/ERS-2(1995-2003) :320×40 km 2 standard mode) GOME-2/Metop A(2006-): 40×80 km 2 SCIAMACHY/Envisat (2002-): 60×30 km 2 OMI/Aura(2004-): 24×13 km 2 40 km 320 km 30 km 60 km 40 km 80 km 13 km 24 km GOME GOME2 SCIA OMI 4. Spatial and temporal needs for pollution inventory by top- down way

38. High spatial and temporal resolution would be need For environmental monitoring  spatial resolution demand: Horizontal spatial resolution. For environmental monitoring in city, it needs a higher horizontal spatial resolution of 0.01◦×0.01◦. For district and country level, 0.1◦×0.1◦ spatial resolution is needed. Vertical spatial resolution: Total Column - troposphere - near surface  Temporal demand: To environmental monitoring, daily pollutants density and distribution, emission quantity is needed.

39. 5-1. Need to resolve the uncertainties of the emission estimates by top down way Although satellite results can retrieve the emission, there exist some uncertainties:  The retrieval result is very sensitive to several factors including cloud screening and other chemical/meteorological conditions. For an example, a rough estimate of the GOME NO2 errors is an additive error of 0.5–1.0×1015 moleculecm−2 and a relative error of 40–60% over polluted areas. In addition, the uncertainty for the annual average is approximately 15% (e.g. Richter et al.,2005). 5. Technical Need

40. 5-2. Need to establish a set of technical criteria There are several different satellite instruments （ with different bands, observing way,spatial resolution, temporal resolution )may be used as tool to do the emission work, the different methods may lead to the different result.  tropospheric column retrieval : it need to remove the stratospheric part by CTM.  VCD retrieval: air mass factor is needed, different RTM (radiative transfer model)  emission estimation: CTM. Different inventory may be used was as input to some model to simulate some parameters in the estimation.  Priori information : surface spectral reflectance, surface altitude, aerosol loading, cloud screening etc.

41. Satellite remote sensing Airplane cruises measurement Tools for measurement Vertical measurement by tower Insitu measurement  For the different methods may lead to difference in result. So Validation work should be done.

42. From the view of technology, an uniform technology criteria would be needed. A series of technology criteria may concern data preprocessing 、 column inverse method based on satellite, validation, etc. All these can contribute to get a comparable, relatively objective and scientific results. In China, from the view of atmospheric monitoring application we need to improve: Satellite and the instruments technology Satellite Remote Sensing Data Monitoring methods and the results

43. Discussion  Improve the Satellite monitoring result the satellite VCDs may be combined with in situ observation VCDs - to improve the algorithm suitable for different region  Establishing the good relationship between the VCDs and the emission data For some species such as NOx ， SO2,etc. with short life in the atmosphere, it is very useful to find a relationship between emission data and the RS result. There still exits some uncertainty in this field, the accurate estimates is urgently needed in environmental monitoring and management.  Establishing the relationship between the Mode and Satellite results In order to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation of emissions.

44. Conclusion Tough some results in the pollution inventories based on top down way have been achieved, there still exits many uncertainty factors for us to resolve. Hope researches and organizations from diversity fields can join and cooperate together to overcome the difficulties, for the application development of the Satellite RS technology,for the environment safety of the whole world.