1. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Introduction to Outdoor Emergency Care Chapter 1

2. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Objectives 1.1 Describe the evolution and purpose of the National Ski Patrol’s OEC program. 1.2 Describe the history of the National Ski Patrol. 1.3 Identify the founder of the National Ski Patrol. 1.4 Describe the role of National Ski Patrol in the formation of the U.S. Army’s 10th Mountain Division. continued

3. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Objectives 1.5 Compare and contrast the OEC textbook and OEC course/curriculum. 1.6 Describe the organization of the OEC worktext and its use during an OEC course or OEC refresher course. 1.7 Describe the OEC certification and recertification processes. 1.8 Contrast the standard of training and standard of care. continued

4. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Objectives 1.9 Define the following legal terms: a.abandonment b.assault c.battery d.breach of duty e.consent f.duty to act g.negligence continued

5. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Objectives 1.10 Describe the following forms of consent: a.expressed consent b.implied consent c.informed consent d.minor consent 1.11 Describe the impact of Good Samaritan laws on volunteer rescuers.

6. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Topics National Ski Patrol’s Early Years OEC Today Ethical and Legal Issues Chapter Summary

7. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Case Presentation You have completed your OEC training and are ski patrolling alone. You receive a call regarding an accident in the parking lot of a condominium complex next to the resort, which you have jurisdiction to provide medical services. The call is for an eight-year-old girl who appears to have been hit by a car that has left the scene. continued

8. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Case Presentation Upon your arrival, you find the child lying on the ground holding her leg. She is crying and asking for her parents. An adult man says he was walking by and found the child. He states he is not related to the child nor does he know her.

9. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY National Ski Patrol’s Early Years 1936: Minnie Dole injured skiing 1936: Frank Edson dies in ski accident 1938: Dole organizes first volunteer “ski patrols” 1938: Dole forms NSPS under NSA per Roger Langley

10. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY National Ski Patrol Goes to War 1942: NSPS initiates first AF S&R Units with Second AF 1941: Dole convinces CoS, USA to form 87 th infantry regiment 1943: 87 th transfers to CO; expanded to 10 th Mountain Division 1944-1945: 10 th MD fights in Italy

11. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY The Birth of OEC 1980: NSP receives federal charter 1953: NSPS separates from NSA, forms NSP 1985: “Winter Emergency Care” textbook created for ski patrollers

12. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY OEC Today Urban v. Wilderness Evidence Based US DOT EMR

13. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Training: The Focus of the OEC Program Anatomy and Physiology Patient Assessment Interventions

14. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Methods of Learning Practice Lecture Text

15. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Course Evaluation WrittenPractical

16. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Certification and Recertification Requirements Recertification OEC Course Refresher 1 Initial Certification 3 Years 1 Year Refresher 2Refresher 3Refresher 4

17. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Case Update The young child's parent is unavailable, but because she is injured, she needs care; you cannot leave. The adult present saw the car that hit the child and remembers the license plate number. You ask him to stay, to get this information once the child has received care. You call for more help and EMS transport, and ask for management to assist you on scene with the legal matters. continued

18. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Case Update As other OEC technicians arrive, you instruct some to help with the splinting and transportation of the girl, while others obtain information from the adult male present. One summons the police. Another begins the process of locating the child's parents.

19. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Duty to Act / Abandonment If in uniform as an OEC Technician, you have a legal duty to act. If you are trained and not in uniform, you have a moral duty to act. Nontrained individuals do not have a duty to act.

20. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Negligence and Breach of Duty Performance below standards of training can be considered negligence. Failure to perform a promised act or obligation of due care can be considered breach of duty.

21. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Assumption of Risk A legal principle that protects patrollers. A skier assumes the risk of skiing downhill A skier assumes the risk

22. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Documentation Accurate documentation critical Detailed description of accident situation Names of all involved with contact information Include weather conditions

23. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Scope of Training National OEC Local Protocols Standard of Care

24. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Joint Statement of Understanding An agreement between the National Ski Patrol and the National Ski Area Association OEC Technicians are agents of the ski area NSP cannot set protocols NSP not held liable for protocol decisions

25. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Consent Understand and distinguish different forms of consent: Express content Informed Content Implied Consent Minor Consent continued

26. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Consent InformedCompetentDocumented Refusal

27. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Assault and Battery Battery is touching someone who does not wish to be touched. This could be as simple as laying your hand on someone to treating a competent adult who is refusing care. Assault is threatening to, or causing a person to feel as if you may hurt them.

28. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Judgment 1.Provide the first-aid care within your standard of training, 2.Practice and maintain your skills so you can remain proficient in providing first-aid care 3.Use good judgment and planning to manage the medical and legal aspects of the accident scene in a safe manner.

29. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Training Copyright Scott Smith

30. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY EMS System Regulations Standard of Training Standard of Care Local EMS Regulations

31. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Patient Privacy Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) a law that addresses the confidentiality of the electronic transmission of medical records; applies to medical personnel who are compensated for service. HIPAA was enacted to protect the privacy of an individual’s medical information.

32. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Patient Privacy Some paid OEC Techs might be subject to HIPAA requirements. Even though most volunteer patrols are exempt from HIPAA laws, that exemption does not mean there should be no attempt to keep private the medical information obtained from an injured skier

33. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Teamwork Copyright Mike Halloran

34. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Case Disposition You care for the girl, rendering first aid until the ambulance arrives. Following your report to the EMT and paramedic, they take over transporting her to the hospital. Management arrives, as do the police, and you direct them to the witness, so that his statement may be obtained. continued

35. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Case Disposition The girl’s parents are found in their condominium, and you explain to them what happened. While the mother accompanies her daughter to the hospital, you go back to the aid room and complete your paperwork. The next day, the mother calls the patrol room to tell you her daughter has a new cast on her leg and will be all right. Management informs you that the police found the driver who hit the girl.

36. National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed. ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ BRADY Chapter Summary NSP was founded by Minnie Dole in 1938 OEC cert is Standard of training Terminology used is the same for all providers Local management will establish standards Obtain consent whenever possible