Objective 1 The student will demonstrate and understanding of the nature of science.

Objective 1 The student will demonstrate and understanding of the nature of science

Scientific Processes Biology and Integrated Physics and Chemistry
The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, conducts field and laboratory investigations using safe, environmentally appropriate and ethical practices. The student is expected to: A) Demonstrate safe practices during field and laboratory investigations.

1A Bio C 10-04 A science class is conducting an experiment that produces noxious fumes. Because of inadequate ventilation, some students begin to feel nauseated and dizzy. The first response should be to --- A neutralize the acid that is reacting to produce the noxious fumes B carry the reactants outside, away from other students C leave the room and go to an area with fresh air D spray the reaction with a fire extinguisher

Chemical products can be measured and recorded as data
1A Bio D 10-03 Laboratory equipment is cleaned and properly stored after use primarily so that --- Chemical products can be measured and recorded as data Time is saved in setting up the next experiment Toxic materials can be kept in the laboratory The possibility of contamination in the laboratory is minimized

This picture indicates that the chemical represented is ---
1A Bio B 11/05 This picture indicates that the chemical represented is --- pressurized corrosive flammable toxic

Does water boil when exposed to air?
1A Bio C 11/04 The diagram shows an experimental setup. Which of these questions was this experiment designed to answer? Does water boil when exposed to air? Will fire turn a gas into a liquid? Does air expand when heated? Will heat turn a gas into a solid?

Reactions that produce toxic gases should be performed in a ---
Bio A 11/04 Reactions that produce toxic gases should be performed in a --- Laboratory fume hood Beaker with a watch glass on top Well-ventilated area of the lab Warm, airtight drying oven

Avoid splashing chemicals into the face of any person
1A Bio C 10-03 The reason for wafting or fanning a small amount of chemical vapors toward the nose as a means to detect odors in a test tube is to --- Avoid experimental error from excessive loss of mass of reactants or products Avoid splashing chemicals into the face of any person Protect the respiratory tract against potentially harmful vapors Determine the relative strength of the odor before smelling directly

Have a fire extinguisher nearby
Powerful Plankton The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has created an experimental marine fuel cell that could produce enough electricity to power ocean-monitoring devices. This fuel cell runs on seawater and sediment, with the help of plankton. Some plankton on the surface of ocean sediments use dissolved oxygen to break down organic matter, releasing energy; this is an aerobic process. The plankton in the deeper sediments break down organic matter without using oxygen; this is an anaerobic process. These two processes create a difference in voltage between the surface of the sediment and the sediment farther down in the seabed, The voltage difference can be used to produce electricity – up to 5.0 x 10-2 watts of power. Energy supplied by this type of fuel cell can be obtained as long as there is organic matter in the sediment. 1A Bio A 10-04 Which safety precaution should be observed while analyzing sediment from a marine aquarium? Wear rubber gloves Use a fume hood Avoid using glassware Have a fire extinguisher nearby

Receptacle for broken glass Laboratory apron Squeeze bottle
1A Bio D 10-04 An activity is designed that allows a student to observe the temperature changes in a cup of water. A piece of metal taken from a beaker of boiling water is placed in a cup containing water at room temperature. A glass alcohol thermometer is used to measure temperature changes. A safety checklist for this activity should include the presence of a proper fire extinguisher and all of the following items except a --- Fire blanket Receptacle for broken glass Laboratory apron Squeeze bottle

Potential Hazards of Petroleum, Naphtha, Hexane,
Toluene, and Acetone 1A Bio D 10/04 May cause eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation. Inhaling or swallowing vapors may be harmful or fatal. Known to cause birth defects. Vapor may ignite explosively. The ingredients described above are used to make a bonding agent. The most important safety precaution to take when applying this bonding agent is to --- Dry it with a small flame Work in a well-ventilated area Cover the work area with newspaper Wear a lab coat

In which part of this process should safety precautions be planned?
1A Bio C 10/06 In which part of this process should safety precautions be planned? Q R S T

When performing this activity, students must remember to ---
1A Bio B 11/05 Examining Owl Pellets Obtain owl pellet and place in a dissecting tray Carefully break open the owl pellet with forceps and dissecting needle Remove fur and feathers from the bones Group the recovered bones into mammal and bird skeletons When performing this activity, students must remember to --- Label the equipment used Keep hands away from face and mouth Sterilize the dissecting needle before use Disinfect the fur and feathers removed from the pellet

assist their lab partner
1A Bio A 11/05 The anatomy of grasshoppers is being studied in a dissection lab. Working in groups of three, students make observations using a hand lens, forceps, and a scalpel. Two of the students in a group have finished their observations. These two students may do all of the following except --- remove their goggles review their notes wash their hands assist their lab partner

Heating water with an open flame
1A Bio A 11/06 The label shown above contains information about some harmful effects of acetone. A group of students plans to use acetone to rinse out a glass container. A second group of students is working at the same lab table. Which of the following lab procedures should the second group of students avoid? Heating water with an open flame Pouring hydrochloric acid into a beaker Filtering precipitates from a liquid solution Collecting oxygen from plants in a test tube

1A Bio C 11/04 Classification symbols for certain fire extinguishers are shown below. Which class of fire extinguisher should be used when a hot plate overheats and catches on fire? A C B D

Putting on safety goggles Handling the beaker with tongs
1A Bio D 11-04 All of these procedures must be followed when using the setup to the left except --- Putting on safety goggles Handling the beaker with tongs Securing loose clothing Wearing rubber gloves

The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid is to add ___
1A Bio 11-03 The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid is to add ___ A. a series of small volumes of water to the acid while stirring the acid to water slowly while stirring constantly the acid to a small volume of water and then add more water dilute sulfuric acid to a small volume of the concentrated acid

The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid is to add ___
A. a series of small volumes of water to the acid while stirring the acid to water slowly while stirring constantly the acid to a small volume of water and then add more water dilute sulfuric acid to a small volume of the concentrated acid

2. Scientific Processes Biology and Integrated Physics and Chemistry
The student uses scientific methods during field and laboratory investigations. The student is expected to: A) Plan and implement investigative procedures including asking questions, formulating testable hypothesis, and selecting equipment and technology; B) Collect data and take measurements with precision; C) organize, analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from data; and D) Communicate valid conclusions.

A Why does a lower temperature slow the rate of evaporation?
Time Required for Water Evaporation 2A Bio A Container A B Volume of Water (mL) 25 Temperature (oC) -15 Time Required (h) 72 24 The table shows times required for water to evaporate from identical containers. Which of these is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis to explain the data? A Why does a lower temperature slow the rate of evaporation? B What is the boiling point of the water after both samples are heated? C Why does water exist as a solid at -15oC and as a liquid at 25oC? D How does the rate of evaporation change when a different container is used?

Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?
2A Bio B A scientist has hypothesized that the existence of life on Mars is likely because Mar’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide. Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis? A Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis? B Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide? C What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere? D Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been validated?

B De-icing solution causes roadways to have more space for vegetation.
A De-Icing Experiment Some species of plants that commonly grow near roadways are used in an experiment. The plant species are divided into control groups and experimental groups. All groups are grown under identical conditions except that the experimental groups are given daily applications of a de-icing solution that is used on roadways in winter. At the end of one month, the growth of the control group and experimental groups is compared. 2A Bio D 11/06 Which of the following is the most likely hypothesis for the experiment described above? A Vegetation that grows near roadways requires more water than vegetation in other areas. B De-icing solution causes roadways to have more space for vegetation. C Vegetation near roadways changes the effectiveness of de-icing solution. D De-icing solution affects some types of vegetation that grows near roadways.

2A Bio D 11/06 Beaker Beaker Beaker 3 (10 cm from light) (50 cm from light) (90 cm from light) The picture shows an experiment designed to investigate biochemical activity in a water plant in a dark room. Over time, bubbles can be easily observed and counted as they escape the funnel. The number of bubbles is an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis. Which of these data tables best reflects that expected results of this experiment? Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute 1 2 15 3 20 Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute 1 15 2 3 A C Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute 1 10 2 3 20 Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute 1 20 2 10 3 B D

In experiments, a benefit of larger sample sizes would be more ---
2A Bio B 10-04 In experiments, a benefit of larger sample sizes would be more --- variables representative data time per group control groups

Use one fuel mixture on the engine and measure its performance
2A BIO C 10-04 An engineer has created a new engine for race cars. It is necessary to know which fuel mixture will allow the engine to run at its peak performance. Which experimental design is best for this investigation? Use one fuel mixture on the engine and measure its performance Use one fuel mixture on many types of engines and measure their performance Use various fuel mixtures on the engine and measure its performance Use various fuels on many types of engines and measure their performance

2A Bio B 10-03 The following boxes represent a field. Which pattern for collecting 10 samples would provide the best data for identifying the types of plants in a field? X X X X X A X X X C X X X X X X X X B X X X X X X X X X X X D X X X X X

2A Bio H C Two science students discovered that the mass of a sample of acetone in an open beaker decreased within a few minutes. One student hypothesized that the acetone reacted with oxygen to form a gaseous compound that escaped. The other believed that the acetone evaporated into the air. What should the students do to test these hypotheses? Combine the hypotheses so they give valid predictions of the acetone’s behavior Conduct a study of original papers describing the experiments leading to acetone’s discovery Perform an experiment that attempts to identify the gas above the open beaker Ask a classmate’s opinion about the chemical and physical properties of acetone

Which study would most likely be used to investigate this hypothesis?
2A Bio A 11/05 The following hypothesis refers to iron in the topsoil on an island formed from limestone. Hypothesis: Much of the iron found in the topsoil of the island was carried from Africa by huge dust clouds. Which study would most likely be used to investigate this hypothesis? A Tracking dust clouds with satellite photos B Determining the effects of iron on limestone C Calculating erosion rates in African limestone mines D Analyzing the content of comet dust clouds

A How warm do materials get when placed in an electric circuit?
Experimental Results 2A Bio D 11/05 Material Conducts No Electricity Yes Copper X Glass Chalk Silver Wood Sulfur Tin Zinc According to these data, which question was most likely by this activity? A How warm do materials get when placed in an electric circuit? B Will an electric current change a metal into a nonmetal? C Which material requires the greatest voltage in an electric circuit? D Can an electric current be used to distinguish metals from other materials?

A effects of stress on the first student’s heart rate
2A Bio C 11/04 A ruler placed between one student’s fingers and thumb is released without warning. A second student catches the ruler. The distance the ruler falls is recorded. This experiment is most likely designed to determine the --- A effects of stress on the first student’s heart rate B acceleration of the ruler during its fall C second student’s reaction time to a stimulus D force applied on a falling mass

A How does height affect the force of gravity?
2A Bio D 10/03 Objects of the same mass but of different sizes and shape were dropped from a given height. Their rates of free fall were measured and recorded. Which of the following is most likely the question this experiment was designed to answer? A How does height affect the force of gravity? B How does gravity affect objects of different densities? C How do mass and weight affect falling objects? D How do size and shape affect an object’s rate of free fall?

A A balance and a thermometer B A pH meter and a barometer
2A Bio D 11/04 Which set of equipment would be best to use to test the effect of temperature on solution acidity? A A balance and a thermometer B A pH meter and a barometer C A balance and litmus paper D A thermometer and a pH meter

A A 10 mL test tube held above a Bunsen burner
2A Bio B 10/04 Which lab setup would be appropriate to use in heating 100 mL of water to the boiling point? A A 10 mL test tube held above a Bunsen burner B A 200 mL beaker placed on a hot plate C A thermal coil inside a 100 mL cylinder D A sealed 300 mL flask in a warm-water bath

A The number of participants in the study
2A Bio C 11/06 A medical researcher hypothesizes that a newly developed medication can reduce high blood pressure. Which of these would most likely be the dependent variable in a study involving this medication? A The number of participants in the study B The ages of people treated for high blood pressure with other medication C The blood pressure of the participants in the study D The number of people treated for high blood pressure with other medications

A Can the amount of salt in the water help elodea avoid disease?
2A Bio D 11/06 Similar sprigs of elodea were placed in four test tubes. Each test tube contained water with a different concentration of salt ranging from 0 to 3 percent. The length of each sprig was measured after 10 days. Which of these questions can best be answered with this experimental setup? A Can the amount of salt in the water help elodea avoid disease? B What happens to salt as elodea sues water? C Will elodea increase the amount of salt in the water? D Does the amount of salt in the water affect elodea growth?

Which study would most likely be used to investigate this hypothesis?
2A Bio A 11/06 The following hypothesis refers to iron in the topsoil found on an island formed from limestone. Hypothesis: Much of the iron found in the topsoil of the island was carried from Africa by huge dust clouds. Which study would most likely be used to investigate this hypothesis? A Tracking dust clouds with satellite photos B Determining the effects of iron on limestone C Calculating erosion rates in African limestone mines D Analyzing the content of comet dust clouds

A valid study would include a control group containing ---
2A Bio A 11/05 A valid study would include a control group containing --- A bean seed, tomato seed, sunflower seed, an water B water and 2% root hormone C water only D bean seed, tomato seed, sunflower seed, water, and 1% root hormone

A The growth of bread mold increases as temperature increases.
2A Bio A 11-04 Students placed equal amounts of bread mold on 12 identical agar plates containing the same amounts and types of nutrients. Four plates were kept at 0oC, four were kept at 45oC, and four were kept at 22oC (room temperature). The plates were examined after five days. Which of the following was probably the hypothesis for this experiment? A The growth of bread mold increases as temperature increases. B The type of nutrient causes bread mold to grow faster at higher temperatures. C The size of the plates determines the temperature of bread mold. D The temperature of bread mold is determined by the mold’s growth.

Which procedure is best to use when determining the density of a rock?
2A Bio C 11-04 Moon Chemistry Samples collected by Apollo astronauts have provided new data about the moon. Some of these samples consisted of lunar soil, a fine-grained, sand-like material produced as a result of the destruction of moon rocks. Traces of beryllium-10 were found in the samples. Beryllium-10 is carried by the solar wind, which transports elements from the sun’s surface and deposits them on the moon. The solar wind may also result in the formation of new substances. Tiny teardrops of iron and specks of molybdenum were found inside the particles of lunar soil. This is interesting because these elements have not been found in an uncombined state on Earth. The metal oxides they originally were part of were possibly changed when bombarded by the positively charged particles of the solar wind. Another interesting find was tiny (1 to 3 micrometers in length) crystals of silver sulfide. Because similar particles are found on Earth, it has been hypothesized that these crystals were created at a time when the moon had a molten core. Which procedure is best to use when determining the density of a rock? Place the rock in a water-filled beaker and find the height at which the rock floats above water. Use a ruler to measure the rock’s dimensions and then find its mass using an analytical balance. Measure the mass of the rock on a balance and then find the volume of water it displaces in a graduated cylinder. Place the rock in three liquids with different densities and observe which liquid the rock floats in.

A Bacterial growth increases exponentially as temperature increases.
2A Bio A 10/03 Which of these is a hypothesis that can be tested through experimentation? A Bacterial growth increases exponentially as temperature increases. B A fish’s ability to taste food is affected by the clarity of aquarium water. C Tadpoles’ fear of carnivorous insect larvae increases as the tadpoles age. D The number of times a dog wags its tail indicates how content the dog is.

2A Bio B 11/06 A student is working with four beakers that each contain a clear liquid. Which set of procedures would be best to use to determine whether one of the beakers contains only distilled water?

2A Bio B 11/05 Only 10% of the electrical energy operating a lightbulb is changed into visible light. Which instrument helps identify the energy change occurring to most of the remaining 90%? A Triple-beam balance B Thermometer C Magnifying glass D Prism

Barometer and voltmeter Light meter and barometer
2A Bio D 10/06 Hypothesis: At the end of each summer, Texas red oak (Quercus buckleyi) leaves turn red and fall off the trees. This is most likely caused by changes in air temperature and sunlight intensity. Which equipment is most useful when measuring the two environmental changes mentioned above? Barometer and voltmeter Light meter and barometer Voltmeter and thermometer Thermometer and light meter

A The mass of the ball affects the rebound height.
2A Bio D 11/06 In an activity, a ball is dropped from a height of 100 cm onto five different materials. The rebound height of each drop is shown in the graph. Which of the following describes the hypothesis most likely being tested? A The mass of the ball affects the rebound height. B The material the ball is made of affects the rebound height. C The height the ball is dropped from affects the rebound height. D The surface the ball is dropped onto affects the rebound height.

2A Bio D 11/05 The diagram shows a classroom setup for an experiment. This experiment was probably designed to determine wood lice -- A social behaviors B activity patterns C speed D habitat preferences

2A Bio D 10/06 Which of the following is most useful in determining the kinetic energy of a 50 g battery-powered car traveling a distance of 10 m? A Beaker B Voltmeter C Thermometer D Stopwatch

2A Bio C 11/05 The picture above shows a compound microscope. What part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide? A Eyepiece B Rotating nosepiece C Diaphragm D Coarse-focus knob

2A Bio B 11/06 Which of these could be used to determine whether a substance is a base? A Thermometer B Litmus paper C Balance D Bunsen burner

Black-and-White Negatives
2A Bio 11/06 Black-and-White Negatives Before digital cameras were available, photographs could be made only with cameras that used photographic film. These cameras are still in use today. Photographic film contains a light-sensitive layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver halide granules. As light rays travel through a camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the photographic film. When exposed to light, the halide granules are activated in different amounts depending on the intensity of the light that strikes them. This forms a photographic image on the film. After the pictures are taken, the exposed film is processed in a laboratory. The film is placed in a solution that reacts chemically with the silver halide granules, forming black metallic silver. The black silver is thickest in the areas of the film exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in the areas exposed to the least intense light. After a roll of film is processed, it is called a negative. This is because it contains negative images of the pictures that were taken. When light is projected through the negatives onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the thickest silver become the lightest, and the areas with the thinnest silver become the darkest. The diagram shows both a negative image and a positive image of a tree. The negative image represents an image on the negative, and the positive image represents the same image on photo paper.

2A Bio B 11/06 Black-and-White Negatives Before digital cameras were available, photographs could be made only with cameras that used photographic film. These cameras are still in use today. Photographic film contains a light-sensitive layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver halide granules. As light rays travel through a camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the photographic film. When exposed to light, the halide granules are activated in different amounts depending on the intensity of the light that strikes them. This forms a photographic image on the film. After the pictures are taken, the exposed film is processed in a laboratory. The film is placed in a solution that reacts chemically with the silver halide granules, forming black metallic silver. The black silver is thickest in the areas of the film exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in the areas exposed to the least intense light. After a roll of film is processed, it is called a negative. This is because it contains negative images of the pictures that were taken. When light is projected through the negatives onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the thickest silver become the lightest, and the areas with the thinnest silver become the darkest. The diagram shows both a negative image and a positive image of a tree. The negative image represents an image on the negative, and the positive image represents the same image on photo paper. Which of these tools is most useful in identifying the wavelengths of visible light? A Convex lens B Spectroscope C Microscope D Concave mirror

Barometer and voltmeter Light meter and barometer
2A Bio D 10/06 Hypothesis: At the end of each summer, Texas red oak (Quercus buckleyi) leaves turn red and fall off the trees. This is most likely caused by changes in air temperature and sunlight intensity. Which equipment is most useful when measuring the two environmental changes mentioned above? Barometer and voltmeter Light meter and barometer Voltmeter and thermometer Thermometer and light meter

A Graduated cylinder and metric ruler B Metric ruler and stopwatch
4B IPC D 11/05 Soap-Making Project Materials 125 mL cooking oil 100 mL H2O 10 g NaOH Safety goggles Apron 500 mL beaker Stirring rod Procedures: Measure and add 100 mL of H2O to 125 mL of cooking oil and mix thoroughly. Carefully and slowly add 10 g of NaOH while stirring constantly. Stir until paste forms. Pour the paste into a mold and let it sit for two days. Remove the solid bar from the mold. Which two pieces of equipment should be added to the materials list for this activity? A Graduated cylinder and metric ruler B Metric ruler and stopwatch C Magnifying glass and balance D Graduated cylinder and balance Caution: Keep this soap away from the face and eyes because traces of NaOH may still be present on the soap bar. Use this soap for washing floors and tools only.

2A Bio H 11/04 Which is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis for the phenomenon shown above? A Why does water crystallize into a solid below 0oC instead of remaining a liquid? B How will the freezing time from 20oC to -15oC change if each container is covered? C Why does boiling the water cause it to freeze more quickly when cooled from 20oC to -15oC? D What is the precise boiling point of the water in Sample A after it has been heated?

2A Bio A The diagram shows different setups of an experiment to determine how sharks find their prey. Which experimental setup is the control? A Q B R C S D T

Which question could be formed based on these data?
2A Bio B 11/04 Habitat Productivity (g/m2/yr) Bird Diversity (average number of species/km2) Marsh 2000 14 Grassland 500 12 Shrub land 600 8 Desert 70 3 Coniferous forest 800 17 Upland deciduous forest 1000 21 Floodplain deciduous forest 24 Which question could be formed based on these data? A What types of plants have increased productivity in different habitats? B Is there a relationship between productivity and bird diversity in a habitat? C How does the number of birds in a population affect habitats? D Do habitats display changes in productivity and bird diversity during different seasons?

Initial Velocity of Ball (m/s) Calculated Distance (m)
2A Bio B 11/04 Initial Velocity of Ball (m/s) Calculated Distance (m) Actual Distance (m) 2.0 0.52 0.51 4.0 2.07 2.01 8.0 8.30 7.90 Mass of metal ball: kg Vertical height off ground, h: 0.89 m A catapult was designed to project a small metal ball at a target. The resulting data are shown in the table. Which of these might explain the difference between the calculated and actual distances? A The ball landed short of the calculated distance because of an increase in momentum. B Air resistance caused the ball to land short of the calculated distance. C Initial mass of the ball changed with each trial. D The metal ball was too small for accurate measurements to be made.

2B Bio D Which of the following shows the length of a rubber strip measured precisely to 2.22 centimeters?

2B Bio B 10-03 Which of the following pieces of equipment would be most appropriate for measuring the volume of a marble?

2B Bio C 11/05 Which piece of equipment would be used to precisely measure the volume of an acid?

This experiment probably was set up to determine ---
2B Bio 11-03 This experiment probably was set up to determine --- how much mechanical energy the battery produces the pH of water during electrolysis the pressure created by an electric current how much energy is converted to heat

This experiment probably was set up to determine ---
how much mechanical energy the battery produces the pH of water during electrolysis the pressure created by an electric current how much energy is converted to heat

2B Bio 11-03 The picture shows the position of a ball every 0.25 second on a photogram. Using a ruler, determine the velocity of the ball 3.5 cm/s 10.5 cm/s 14.0 cm/s 28.0 cm/s

The picture shows the position of a ball every 0
The picture shows the position of a ball every 0.25 second on a photogram. Using a ruler, determine the velocity of the ball 3.5 cm/s 10.5 cm/s 14.0 cm/s 28.0 cm/s

2B Bio D 11-03 Four lab groups measured the volume of acid required to neutralize a standard solution of sodium hydroxide. Which of the groups measured the volume with the highest precision?

2B Bio D 10/04 In the diagram above, one cell creates and releases chemicals that travel to a second cell and quickly induce that cell into action. This diagram represents part of the --- A endocrine system B skeletal system C muscular system D nervous system

2B Bio A 11/06 11/05 Which of these is the most appropriate unit of measure for reporting the density of a solid? A g/cm3 B g/cm C g/L2 D g/mm2

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment
2B Bio A 11/06 Louis Pasteur’s Experiment Like many other scientific breakthroughs, the discovery of immunization happened by accident. In 1880 Louis Pasteur was trying to protect chickens from cholera. To study the disease, Pasteur and his assistants gave injections of cholera bacteria to several groups of chickens. The chickens usually died from cholera after being injected with the bacteria. However, one group of chickens survived. Pasteur noticed that these chickens had been injected with a six-week old batch of cholera bacteria. Pasteur’s assistants prepared new colonies of cholera bacteria and injected these chickens a second time. They also injected a group of chickens that had not been previously injected. Pasteur was surprised that the chickens that had been injected previously with the old bacteria remained healthy, while all the chickens in the second group became sick and died. This is how Pasteur came to discover that exposure to weakened pathogens can provide immunity from disease. The idea was later used to protect animals from serious diseases. Today immunizations help protect people from many illnesses. Which of these probably served as the most useful data after Pasteur injected a group of chickens with bacteria from the older culture? A The health and behavior of the injected chickens B The total number of cholera cases observed C The changes in the shape and color of the bacterial colonies D The recovery rate of chickens previously infected with cholera

2B Bio C 11/06 Which piece of equipment should be used to precisely measure 40.0 mL of a dilute sodium hydroxide solution?

2B Bio G 11/06 Masses of Reactants and Products Trial Reactant 1 Mass (g) Reactant 2 Product 1 32 24 8 2 55 3 66 4 28 The chart shows the results of a conservation-of-mass experiment. The most accurate trial for this experiment was --- A Trial 1 B Trial 2 C Trial 3 D Trial 4

A The mass of Liquid 2 is greater than the mass of Liquid 3.
2B Bio C 11/06 Three liquids were poured into a beaker and formed three layers. Which conclusion is best supported by the information above? A The mass of Liquid 2 is greater than the mass of Liquid 3. B The volume of liquid 1 is lass than the volume of Liquid 3. C The density of Liquid 3 is greater than the density of Liquid 2. D The buoyancy of Liquid 2 is greater that the buoyancy of Liquid 1.

A student improperly read the ruler
2B Bio A 11/05, 11/06 Two students measured the length of the same stick, each using a different 30 cm ruler. One student reported a length of 22 cm, and the other reported a length of 8 cm. The most likely explanation for the difference in the reported values is that one --- A student improperly read the ruler B ruler was metal and the other ruler was plastic C student viewed the ruler from a different angle D ruler was constructed with non-standard cm marks

2B Bio J 11/04 These data were gathered by four groups of students. Each group performed four trials to determine the acceleration rate of a toy car. Which group had the most consistent data? A Group Q B Group R C Group S D Group T

2B Bio C 10/06 What volume should be reported for the solution in this graduated cylinder? 64.0 mL 56.2 mL 56.0 mL 50.6 mL

Density of Seawater from the Gulf of Mexico
2B Bio B 10/06 Density of Seawater from the Gulf of Mexico Density (g/mL) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Trial 1 0.998 1.052 1.008 1.019 Trial 2 1.020 1.054 0.986 1.018 Trial 3 1.051 1.053 1.039 1.029 Average 1.023 1.011 1.022 The chart shows the density of seawater samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico by four different groups. Which group’s data are most precise? Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

2B Bio D 11/04 The table shows four mass readings of one object as measured by four different balances. Which balance produced the most-consistent measurements? A Q B R C S D T

A 50 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments
2B Bio B 10/03 Which of the following will allow measurement of a liquid’s volume with the greatest precision? A 50 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments B 100 mL cylinder graduated in 0.5 mL increments C 100 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments D 200 mL cylinder graduated in 5 mL increments

2B Bio 2.4 11/05 The pictures above show two organisms. Measure their body lengths to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. What is the difference between the body lengths of the grasshopper and the cricket to the nearest tenth? A 2.0 cm B 2.4 cm C 6.0 cm D 3.6 cm

2B Bio H 11/04 F H J G Which of these will give the most precise measure of a 10-millimeter volume?

2B Bio D 11/04 The illustration shows volume levels of a liquid in a graduated cylinder before and after a sample was removed. According to this information, what was the volume of the sample to the nearest millimeter? A 38 B 47 C 11 D 9

A Pour the excess crystals back into the original container
2B Bio D 10-04 Which of the following procedures should be used in finding the mass of crystals? A Pour the excess crystals back into the original container B Put the crystals on the outer part of the balance pan for massing C Pour wastes down the sink with plenty of water D Use weighing paper on the balance pan

What is the volume reading for the solution in the pipette? A 19.4 mL
2B Bio A 11/04 What is the volume reading for the solution in the pipette? A mL B mL C mL D mL

2B BIO B 10-04 The cloud conditions above are typical of locations near a warm front. According to these data, what are the most likely sky conditions for waco? A Cirrus clouds B Altostratus clouds C Stratus clouds D Clear skies

2C Bio D Which graph best shows the comparison of the elements to the total composition of the copper ore?

2C BIO A 10/04 The graph shows this distance traveled by a vehicle over a certain period of time. Which segment of the graph shows the vehicle moving with the greatest speed? A L B M C N D O

2C BIO 200 11/06 The graph shows how the momentum of a given mass change during a period of motion. According to the information, what is the momentum in kg m/s at 2.75 seconds? A 230 B 200 C 150 D 100

2C BIO D 11/06 The graph shows how the voltage needed to maintain a constant current of 1.5 amps through a wire conductor varies with the length of the wire. If the trend continues, what is the most likely voltage needed to maintain a 1.5-amp current through 80 meters of the wire? A 10 volts B 18 volts C 250 volts D 400 volts

2C BIO D 11/05 According to the periodic table and the information above, which element has this electron configuration? A Sodium B Neon C Magnesium D Argon

A Apply the bacteria to growing plants.
BIO A 11/06 The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive system of insects. How can these bacteria be used to control insects in crops? A Apply the bacteria to growing plants. B Expose the bacteria to low levels of light. C Remove plants from areas containing the bacteria D Treat the bacteria with a solution of the protein crystals.

2C BIO B 11/05 A researcher determined the percentage of electrical energy transformed into different forms of energy by a toaster. The best way to communicate these results is to display the data using a --- A histogram B circle graph C line graph D box-whisker graph

2C IPC 11/06 Use the information below and your knowledge of science to answer the next question Gas Sylvestre Early alchemists were able to produce various kinds of gases by mixing different substances together. However, it was not until the early 1600s that a Belgian physician, J.B. van Helmont, first used the term gas. Van Helmont concentrated his study on a gas he obtained from burning wood. He called this substance gas sylvestre, which means “gas from wood.” He demonstrated that gas sylvestre also formed when limestone reacted with an acid solution. Van Helmont determined that the gas was denser than air and occurred naturally in the lower chambers of the Grotto del Cane, a cave in Italy. He noticed that the atmosphere in the lower cave did not support animal life. He also observed that the process of fermentation produced gas sylvestre. Today gas sylvestre is known by a more familiar name – carbon dioxide. Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Creightion University Omaha, Nebraska

Carbon dioxide an oxygen have similar chemical properties.
Properties of Some Gases 2C IPC B 11/06 Gas Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Chlorine Molecular Mass (amu) 2 32 44 71 Density (g/L, at 0C) 0.09 1.43 1.98 3.21 Boiling Point (C) -253 -183 -78* -35 Solubility in Water (L/L H2O; at 20C) 0.02 0.03 0.88 2.30 *sublimes (changes directly from solid into gas) Which of these statements is best supported by the information in the table? Carbon dioxide an oxygen have similar chemical properties. The density of the gases increases as their molecular mass increases. Chlorine and hydrogen boil at the same temperature. The solubility of the gases decreases as their density increases.

2C BIO C 11/04 This graph shows the absorption spectrum for a certain pigment molecule. To a human, this pigment would most likely appear --- A blue B green C yellow D orange

B Lower light intensity causes a higher photosynthetic rate.
BIO C 11/04 Variation in Photosynthetic Rate of Elodea Lightbulb Intensity (W/m2) Number of Bubbles per Minute 25 4 50 7 75 12 100 31 125 38 The table shows the number of bubbles released by an elodea plant per minute at different light intensities. The rate of bubble release is representative of the photosynthetic rate. Which statement is supported by these data? A The rate of photosynthesis is slowest when elodea produces 7 to 12 bubbles. B Lower light intensity causes a higher photosynthetic rate. C The greatest difference in photosynthetic rate is between the 75 W and 100 W lightbulbs. D Light intensity has little effect on the rate of photosynthesis of elodea.

B Living R-strain bacteria are controlled by a mouse’s immune system.
BIO A 10/04 This chart shows the results of an experiment performed in the 1920s using a bacterial species that causes pneumonia in humans. The experiment involved several procedures using two different bacterial strains, R and S. What is a possible explanation for the results in Group 2? A Living S-strain bacteria can transform into a pathogenic form of R-strain bacteria. B Living R-strain bacteria are controlled by a mouse’s immune system. C Dead S-strain bacteria can cause disease. D Dead R-strain bacteria can confer resistance to S-strain bacteria

2C BIO D 11/04 While studying the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas, members of a science class conducted an experiment in which they changed the pressure on a balloon and then measured the balloon’s volume. They collected the data above. Which graph correctly represents these data? A C B D

2C BIO D 10/04 From 1942 to 1945, U.S. nickels were made of an alloy that contained 35% silver, 9.0% manganese, and the rest copper, by mass. If one of these nickels has a mass of 5.0 grams, what is the mass of the copper? A 0.5 g B 1.8 g C 2.2 g D 2.8 g

2C BIO B 10/04 Enzyme X Enzyme Y Enzyme Z Pathway in Neurospora Precursor Ornithine Citrulline Arginine Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Supplement to Minimal Medium No supplement added Ornithine added Citrulline added Arginie added Growth to Mutant Neurospora No growth Growth present The diagram above shows the biochemical pathway that produces arginine, an amino acid required by an organism called Neurospora. The table shows the response of a mutant strain of Neurospora to supplements in its food supply. This mutant strain must lack the enzyme that acts on --- A the precursor B ornithine C citrulline D arginine

2C BIO H 10/04 Observing an approaching thunderstorm and using a stopwatch, a student finds that it takes 8.40 seconds for thunder to be heard after a lightning bolt strikes. The student has learned that it takes 3.0 seconds for sound to travel 1000 m. How far away is the storm? A 119 m B 185 m C m D m

Mercury levels are elevated by the presence of shorebirds.
2C BIO B 10/06 The graph shows mercury levels found in sediments, prey animals, and adult shorebirds in a bay along the Gulf Coast. Which inference can best be drawn from these data? Mercury levels are elevated by the presence of shorebirds. Mercury concentrations are highest in shorebirds. Mercury is produced by sediments. Mercury assures the survival of prey animals.

Average Radius of Trees in a Forest
2C BIO C 10/06 Age of trees (years Average Radius (cm) 1 2.2 2 2.6 3 4 5 6 4.4 The data table shows how the thickness of tree trunks in a certain forest is related to tree age. Use these data to plot points on a graph. Draw a straight line to show a linear relationship for the data. According to these data, what is the most likely average radius of 4-year-old trees in this forest? 3.0 cm 3.3 cm 3.6 cm 3.9 cm

2C BIO B 11/04 According to this information, what is the best prediction for the boiling point of the seven-carbon alcohol? A 169oC B 178oC C 186oC D 192oC

Mass of Remaining Carbon-14
2C BIO B 11/04 Decay of a 10-Gram Sample of Carbon-14 Mass of Remaining Carbon-14 (grams) Time (thousands of years) According to the graph, what is the approximate half-life of carbon-14? A 5.7 years B 5,700 years C 23,000 years D 1,000,000 years

2C BIO D 11/04 Enzyme X Enzyme Y Enzyme Z Base Substance Ornithine Citrulline Arginine This diagram shows the biochemical pathway that produces arginine in Neurospora, a mold. Neurospora is easily grown on a simple jelly-like medium. Different substances can be added to the medium. A mutant Neurospora lacking Enzyme Y would have to have which of these added to its medium in order to survive? A Enzyme X B Ornithine C Enzyme Z D Citrulline

Spring Stretch 2C BIO C 11-04 Force (N) ΔL (cm) 0.98 3.5 1.96 7.0 2.94 10.5 According to the data in the table, about how far can a spring be expected to stretch when a force of 3.92 N is applied? A cm B cm C cm D cm

2C BIO C 11-05 Organism X Animalis Vertebrata Aves Poecile carolinensis Organism 1 Organism 2 Organism 3 Organism 4 Animalia Vertebrata Reptilia Anolis carolinensis Amphibia Bufo americanus Aves Poecile gambeli Grus americana The chart shows the classification of four organisms found in Texas. Which organism is most closely related to Organism X? A Anolis carolinensis B Bufo americanus C Poecile gambeli D Grus americana

A forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake
2C BIO A 10-03 During a severe drought a dry lake was explored for fossils. The diagram represents the fossils uncovered and the layers they were in. According to this information, this area was once a --- A forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake B freshwater lake that was replaced by a desert C saltwater sea that was replaced by a forest d freshwater lake that was replaced by a forest

2C BIO C 10-04 According to the graph, about how much hemoglobin would be saturated at an O2 pressure of 7.3 kPa? A 32% B 67% C 89% D 92%

A Atomic radii decrease from left to right.
2C Bio A 10-04 Atomic Radii (nm) H 0.030 Li Be B C N O Na Mg Al Si P S K Ca Ga Ge As Se The table shows the atomic radii of some elements in Periods 1 through 4 of the periodic table. Which inference can be made from this information? A Atomic radii decrease from left to right. B Atomic radii increase from bottom to top. C Atomic radii decrease from right to left. D Atomic radii double from top to bottom.

2C Bio B 10/04 The graph shows the percentage of hemoglobin that combines with carbon monoxide (CO) at various concentrations. Exposure to 400 parts per million of CO in air can cause people to experience nausea and a throbbing headache. According to the graph, about what percentage of hemoglobin is bound to CO at a concentration of 400 parts per million? A 25% B 35% C 49% D 55%

In which general direction do rivers flow in this watershed?
Watersheds The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin, shown in the map below, consists mainly of flatland. The soil in the area is mostly sandy and porous. Rainfall that collects in this area drains into the Gulf of Mexico by a series of waterways. The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin is one of more than 20 major watersheds in Texas. A watershed is a geographic area that drains water collected on its surface. Watersheds provide a way for water to move from areas of higher elevation to areas of lower elevation. Sediment and dissolved materials are also moved to lower elevations. Rivers and streams form a general pattern within a watershed. The map shows this general pattern within the San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin. This type of pattern is called a dendritic pattern and can be observed in many natural structures, including the network of nerves in the human nervous system and branching patterns in trees. Watersheds can change as the geography and other features of an area change. Some of the causes of change are more obvious than others. For example, the clearing of wooded areas for the construction of buildings may change the way rainfall collects and drains from an area. 2C Bio D 10/06 In which general direction do rivers flow in this watershed? North West Northwest Southeast

2C Bio C 11/05 About how much KNO3 will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 80oC to make a saturated solution? A 48 grams B 160 grams C 170 grams D 220 grams

2C Bio B 11/06 A researcher determined the percentage of electrical energy transformed into different forms of energy by a toaster. The best way to communicate these results is to display the data using a --- A histogram B circle graph C line graph D box-whisker graph

2C Bio A 11/05 In 1967, 34 million metric tons of fertilizers were used in the United States. According to the graph, how many more metric tons of fertilizers were used 30 years later? A 16 million B 25 million C 64 million D 84 million

Percent Differences in Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c is a protein found in all aerobic organisms. The difference in the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c are used to determine how closely species are related. Percent Differences in Cytochrome c 2C Bio A 11/06 Horse Dog Kangaroo Penguin 6 7 12 10 The table above shows percent differences in cytochrome c in four different animals. According to the table, which two animals are most closely related to each other? A Horse and dog B Dog and kangaroo C Horse and penguin D Penguin and kangaroo

2C Bio D 11/05 The table shows the results of growing a yeast culture in a 5% glucose solution. The number of bubbles produced was used to indicate the extent of respiration by the yeast. If all other factors are held constant, how many bubbles should be produced in Tube 3 after 4 minutes? A 20 B 24 C 27 D 36

This animal most likely belongs to phylum --- A Porifera B Annelida
Characteristics Porifera Asymmetrical, numerous pores, lacks tissues and organs Annelida Long segmented body, bilaterally symmetrical Mollusca Soft body consisting of foot, visceral mass, and mantle Arthropoda Segmented body, jointed legs, exoskeleton 2C Bio B 11/04 This animal most likely belongs to phylum --- A Porifera B Annelida C Mollusca D Arthropoda

At which temperature do KBr and KNO3 have the same solubility? A 27oC
2C Bio B At which temperature do KBr and KNO3 have the same solubility? A 27oC B 48oC C 65oC D 80oC

2D Bio A 10-04 The table shows environmental factors and soybean production for three regions. Which of the following probably accounts for the decrease in soybean yield in Region 1? A High levels of ozone damaged the soybeans plants, decreasing the average yield. B Low rainfall amounts failed to meet the plants’ moisture needs and inhibited grow. C Poor mineral levels found in the soil in that region limited soybean harvest. D Higher-than-normal rainfall increased pest activity, decreasing the average yield.

A invalid because only dung beetles were examined
2D Bio D 10/03 In an investigation 10,000 dung beetles were examined for the presence of parasites. The data showed that about 5% of the beetles had parasites. The results are --- A invalid because only dung beetles were examined B unsupported because the parasite population was small C erroneous because more beetles should have had parasites D valid because the sample size was sufficient for accuracy

A Proper hand-washing may increase attendance among
2D Bio A 11/06 The graph compares absenteeism of elementary school students who wash their hands properly with absenteeism of students who fail to wash their hands properly. Which inference could best be supported by these data? A Proper hand-washing may increase attendance among elementary school students. B Older students have developed better hand-washing habits than younger students. C Some elementary school classes teach correct hand- washing methods to students. D Improper hand-washing is a common practice among most

2D Bio A 10/06 A Student prepared this graph of tornadoes reported over a 50-year period in a mid-western state. Which statement is supported by these data? Tornadoes are less frequent in the morning. Darkness increases the strength of tornadoes. Tornadoes occurring at night are brief. The probability of a tornado is the same throughout the day.

A weight distributed over an area B density along each face
2D Bio A 11/06 The pictures show a 10-newton block of wood being used to demonstrate how this instrument measures pressure. According to these data, the pressure of the block is a measure of the block’s --- A weight distributed over an area B density along each face C mass per unit of volume D change in inertia

2D Bio 11/06 After 15 minutes the food coloring in Beaker A is evenly spread throughout the beaker, while beaker B contains a thin layer of food coloring only at its bottom. These observations support the theory that convection currents in a fluid form more quickly if the fluid has ---

A warmer layers at the bottom B a covering on its surface
2D Bio A 11/06 These observations support the theory that convection currents in a fluid form more quickly if the fluid has --- A warmer layers at the bottom B a covering on its surface C reduced pressure on the bottom D contact with a cooler surface

A Trade winds help maintain some food chains.
2D Bio A 10/05 Trade winds blow from east to west across the Pacific Ocean. The winds move surface waters westward across the ocean. This causes deeper, colder water to rise to the surface along the coast. This upwelling of deep ocean waters brings with it nutrients that would otherwise lie near the bottom of the ocean. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the information above? A Trade winds help maintain some food chains. B Trade winds produce useful minerals in some oceans. C Trade winds can reverse parts of the water cycle. D Trade winds may be able to reduce greenhouse gases.

What can be concluded from the relationship described above?
2D Bio C 11/06 Boyle’s law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas if the temperature and mass of the gas are held constant: If the volume of the gas is increased, the pressure of the gas decreases. If the volume of the gas is decreased, the pressure of the gas increases. What can be concluded from the relationship described above? A Gas molecules travel longer distances at greater speeds when the volume of the gas is decreased. B A gas is more likely to lose kinetic energy when its volume is reduced. C Gas molecules collide less frequently when the volume of the gas is increased. D A gas is more likely to increase in momentum when its volume is increased

A The boiling point of water is constant at higher altitudes.
2D Bio B 10/05 11/06 Location Corpus Christi Fort Davis Lipscomb Latitude 27o48’N 30o35’N 36o14’N Longitude 97o24’W 103o54’W 100o16’W Elevation (m) 0 (sea level) 1494 728 Sanitizing Time (min) 20 25 22 Boiling Point of Water (oC) 100.0 95.0 97.6 Boiling water can be used to sanitize dishes. The data above show how sanitizing time varies in different locations. Which inference is supported by these data? A The boiling point of water is constant at higher altitudes. B The boiling point of water is affected by elevation. C Water takes longer to boil at Fort Davis than at sea level. D Boiling water changes temperature at a faster rate at Corpus Christi than at higher elevations.

2D Bio A 11/05 The picture shows the results of a demonstration using the simple water plant Elodea. When the setup was placed in strong light, a space gradually appeared above the water in the graduated cylinder containing the plant. The gas in the space above the water was mostly --- A oxygen B carbon dioxide C hydrogen D nitrogen

A water condenses on the glass and escapes as a gas
2D Bio D 11/05 A glass is held upside down so that its open end is closed by the water’s surface. Soon air bubbles begin to escape from the glass. The best explanation for this observation is that --- A water condenses on the glass and escapes as a gas B air in the glass increases the water temperature and causes bubbling C pressurized water vapor rises rapidly and evaporates D air trapped in the glass is warmed and expands in volume

B M. tuberculosis is becoming extinct because of antibiotics.
2D Bio D 11/05 Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in humans. When treated with antibiotics, most M. tuberculosis bacteria are killed, but some have genes that allow them to survive. M tuberculosis bacteria that survive the antibiotic treatment may reproduce. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the information above? A Antibiotics have intensified the symptoms of M. tuberculosis infections. B M. tuberculosis is becoming extinct because of antibiotics. C Antibiotics have caused M. tuberculosis to reproduce at a faster rate. D M. Tuberculosis has developed resistance to antibiotics.

Mass of Alcohol and beaker
2D Bio D 10/06 Time (min) Mass of Alcohol and beaker (g) 73.97 5 73.46 10 72.94 20 71.91 30 70.88 40 69.85 Mass of beaker = g These data show how the mass of an undisturbed beaker of alcohol varied during a class period. Which of the following is the best conclusion that can be made about the investigation? The beaker absorbed moisture from the air. A chemical change occurred in the beaker. The beaker experienced a change of state. Some material evaporated from the beaker.

2D Bio C 11/05 The diagram represents helium gas expanding to fill a larger container. What is the ratio of the helium gas’s density at the final volume to its density at the initial volume? A 1:1 B 4:1 C 1:8 D 1:50

A What was the average age of the people in the study?
2D Bio C 11/05 Conclusion: Hearing aids are an effective way to treat hearing loss. A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of hearing aids. People with different types of hearing loss were included in the study. Which question would help in determining whether the conclusion above is valid? A What was the average age of the people in the study? B What was the most common occupation of people in the study? C How many people were included in the study? D How many people in the study had vision problems?

A uses the least energy when the environmental temperature is 30oC
2D Bio A 11/04 The graph shows the relative basal metabolic rates of a field mouse and an anole (a type of lizard) at different temperatures. According to this information, the field mouse --- A uses the least energy when the environmental temperature is 30oC B is able to control its body temperature C uses less energy at 20oC than the anole does D is unaffected by environmental temperatures

2D Bio B 11/05 According to this information, three of these organisms should be placed in the same kingdom. Which organism should be placed in a different kingdom? A Q B R C S D T

A Fish metabolism responds to temperature changes.
2D Bio A 11/04 The graph shows metabolic rates for two types of fish at different environmental temperatures. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these data? A Fish metabolism responds to temperature changes. B Metabolic rates decrease as environmental temperatures increase. C Fish body-temperatures results from high metabolism. D Metabolic rates are independent of environmental temperature.

2D Bio B 11/04 A certain commercial product used for cleaning ovens must be handled with rubber gloves. The product is slippery and turns litmus paper blue. It probably contains --- A an acid B a base C a salt D an isotope

2D Bio C 11-04 The graph shows the results of a study testing chemical pesticides on a pest species common to cotton plants. Different chemical pesticides were used in five different areas. According to these results, which of the following is the most effective chemical for controlling this pest species? A R B S C T D V

Which conclusion is best supported by these data?
2D Bio C 10-03 Which conclusion is best supported by these data? A Earth’s surface is composed mostly of silicon and calcium. B Oxygen is closer to Earth’s surface than aluminum. C There is more aluminum than calcium at Earth’s surface. D Silicon is much heavier than iron at Earth’s surface.

B The temperature varied greatly during the experiment.
2D Bio D Ten different types of culture media were inoculated with the same strain of bacteria and incubated at the same temperature. Nine of the cultures grew. Which of these conclusions can be drawn from this information? A The media used in the experiment are all capable of sustaining bacterial growth. B The temperature varied greatly during the experiment. C Only the culture that failed to grow bacteria was inoculated properly. D One of the media lacked the nutrients needed for the bacteria to grow.

2D Bio C An environmental-science company measured the ozone pollutant levels at two different locations in a metropolitan area. Which statement is best supported by these data? A Lower fuel efficiency and northerly winds in the winter increase ozone pollution the most. B Northwest winds in the spring transport ozone pollution into the metropolitan area. C High summer temperatures and southerly winds contribute to high levels of ozone. D Heavy use of automobiles changes ozone levels the most.

A Police traffic officers B Shoe-factory workers
2D Bio C Sound Intensity Source Intensity (dB) Rustling leaves 20 Library 40 Busy traffic 70 Factory 80 Heavy truck 90 Subway 100 Construction 110 Jet engine 150 Rocket engine 180 According to the table, which workers have the greatest chance of experiencing significant hearing loss over time? A Police traffic officers B Shoe-factory workers C Road-construction crews D Library desk clerks 90 dB – Endangers hearing 120 dB – Pain threshold

Which conclusion about the frogs is supported by these data?
2D Bio B Ten frogs were placed in a large container with three sections. Each section had equal amounts of light, shelter, food and water. Each section was painted a different color: red, green, or blue. Daily observations were made of the frogs’ locations for six weeks. These data were compiled to produce the following frog location frequencies. Red area = 31% Green area = 35% Blue area = 34% Which conclusion about the frogs is supported by these data? A Four frogs out of ten preferred the green area. B The frogs randomly moved into the colored areas. C Most frogs tended to avoid the red area. D Most frogs preferred the color blue.

3. Scientific Processes Integrated Physics and Chemistry
The student uses critical thinking and scientific problem solving to make informed decisions. The student is expected to: analyze, review, [and critique] scientific explanations, including hypotheses and theories, as to their strengths and weaknesses using scientific evidence and information B) draw inferences based on data related to [promotional materials for] products and services

This statement is a poor hypothesis because it is not --- A a question
IPC B 10/04 Clouds are more beautiful on winter days than on summer days. This statement is a poor hypothesis because it is not --- A a question B testable C observable D a comparison

B low temperature prevents any loss acidity in stored apples
IPC A 11/05 The graph compared the acidity of apples stored for 270 days under different conditions to the acidity of apples that were just harvested. Some apples were stored at room temperature (20oC), and other apples were stored at 0.5oC. Some of the apples were treated with MCP, an antispoilage chemical. According to these data, it can be inferred that --- A apples treated with MCP and kept at a low temperature retain acidity best B low temperature prevents any loss acidity in stored apples C apples stored at room temperature are unaffected by treatment with MCP D high temperature promotes acid production in stored apples

Which of the following is a strength of this hypothesis?
IPC C 11/05 Open tray filled Tray filled with water and with water covered by glass plate Hypothesis: A glass plate covering a tray of water will keep water molecules from escaping into the atmosphere. Observation: After one week the open tray was dry, but water remained in the covered tray. Which of the following is a strength of this hypothesis? A It is more logical than past hypothesis. B It agrees with the opinion of most people. C It can be examined using scientific means. D It challenges the current theory of atoms.

Which of the following conclusions is supported by these data?
IPC C 11/06 Independent Project WHAT TIME OF DAY ARE YOU MOST ALERT? Assumption: The ability to sort playing cards is an indication of alertness. Procedure: Shuffle a deck of playing cards four times Time how long it takes to sort the cards into the four suits Repeat the activity at the same times for five days Data Time of Day Average Sorting Time (s) 8:00 A.M. 130 12:00 NOON 105 4:00 P.M. 122 8:00 P.M. 127 Which of the following conclusions is supported by these data? A Alertness is directly related to level of distraction. B Shuffling methods can affect alertness. C Alertness levels vary during the day. D Long periods of rest improve alertness.

Ancient Greeks and Science
4B IPC 11/05 Ancient Greeks and Science The ancient Greeks developed a set of assumptions, based on observations to explain how the universe works. These observations led the Greeks to believe that the universe was composed of four elements: earth, water, fire, and air. The “theory of natural place” was based on their observations of those four elements. The theory stated that anything not in its natural place would move toward its natural place as soon as an opportunity arose. The theory of natural place was the foundation for the modern understanding of the elements. The following chart describes some observations and assumptions made by the ancient Greeks.

4B IPC D 11/05 Object Observation Assumption Rock Found in or on the ground; if not on the ground, rocks move toward it at first opportunity Rocks are made of earth and seek the ground, their natural place. Water Flows over land Water has its natural place on the ground. Fire Flames flicker upward; the greater the fire, the higher the flames Fire’s natural place is in the heavens, above the atmosphere. Air Blows across the land; if trapped in water, escapes at first opportunity Air’s natural place is in the space above the ground. Burning wood Gives off smoke, heat and ash Tree limbs are made of fire, earth, and air. Smoke Found in fires; if not confined, rises or moves across the land Smoke is made of fire and air. Feather Floats to the ground Feathers are made of air and earth. Which of these fails to support the idea that water’s natural place is on the ground? A hailstones B rain C waterfalls D clouds

A data to verify the hypothesis B changes to the conclusion
3A IPC A 10-03 Certain chemicals in the diet of moth larvae seem to influence the early development of the moths’ wings. Careful observation of developing pupae could result in --- A data to verify the hypothesis B changes to the conclusion C a conclusion about the moths’ eggs D development of a new moth species

A The drifting water droplets float to the location of the holes.
3A IPC F 10-04 In a movie, meteoroids make several microscopic holes in a pressurized cabin in the weightless environment of a spaceship. The astronauts search for the holes by spraying water droplets from a container. If this were an actual situation, what effect should be expected? A The drifting water droplets float to the location of the holes. B After falling to the floor, the water forms a stream leading to the holes. C The water droplets form a large sphere of water that moves away from the holes. D Pumping the trigger on the spray container increases the air pressure in the cabin.

Results of a Scientific Study
Watersheds The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin, shown in the map below, consists mainly of flatland. The soil in the area is mostly sandy and porous. Rainfall that collects in this area drains into the Gulf of Mexico by a series of waterways. The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin is one of more than 20 major watersheds in Texas. A watershed is a geographic area that drains water collected on its surface. Watersheds provide a way for water to move from areas of higher elevation to areas of lower elevation. Sediment and dissolved materials are also moved to lower elevations. Rivers and streams form a general pattern within a watershed. The map shows this general pattern within the San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin. This type of pattern is called a dendritic pattern and can be observed in many natural structures, including the network of nerves in the human nervous system and branching patterns in trees. Watersheds can change as the geography and other features of an area change. Some of the causes of change are more obvious than others. For example, the clearing of wooded areas for the construction of buildings may change the way rainfall collects and drains from an area. 3A IPC D 10/06 Results of a Scientific Study In natural areas such as forests, about 50% of the rain seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater. In some large cities only about 30% of the rain becomes groundwater. The information above could be used most effectively in arguing against which of these proposals? Adding chemicals to a local water supply Permitting a water well to be drilled in a state park Limiting the use of waterways for recreation Paving a meadow to create a parking area

A an invalid observation B a valid hypothesis C an invalid problem
3A IPC B 10-03 As temperature drops to the dew point, clouds form in the atmosphere, and dew forms on ground surfaces. A scientist proposes that adding more water molecules to the atmosphere will change the dew point. This proposal is --- A an invalid observation B a valid hypothesis C an invalid problem D a valid conclusion

The smell of an ammonia solution used to clean a floor can quickly be detected throughout a house. Scientists explain this phenomenon by theorizing that gas molecules from the ammonia are in continuous random high-speed motion, drifting rapidly and permeating the air. Which statement best demonstrates the strength of this theory? 3A IPC Scientists have observed tiny smoke particles moved by unseen particles in a rapid, irregular fashion. Scientists have unanimously agreed on this theory since Thomas Graham’s experiments in the 1820s. The possibility of another theory being formed to explain the phenomenon as well is very remote. Reason, as opposed to experimentation, is superior to any explanation found through chemical testing.

A The amount of vitamin C in each tablet
3A IPC C 03 An advertisement claims that patients can be cured of the common cold in 48 hours by vitamin C tablets with secret mineral supplements. In a scientific experiment to test these claims, which data can be considered irrelevant? A The amount of vitamin C in each tablet B The severity of the patients’ cold symptoms C The chemical formula for vitamin C D The amount of time before symptoms improve

A A set of aerobic exercises can be recommended.
3A IPC D 11/06 Research shows that levels of a certain protein are elevated in the blood of people with a bacterial infection. People with a viral infection show only trace amounts of the protein. The level of the protein can be determined in about an hour after a blood test. Which of these is a benefit of knowing whether a person with a respiratory infection has an elevated level of this protein in the blood? A A set of aerobic exercises can be recommended. B A diet of essential nutrients can be recommended. C A decision can be made about whether to take an x-ray. D A decision can be made about whether to use antibiotics.

3A IPC D 10/06 Conclusion: Food poisoning by botulism is increasing in the United States. The graph shows data for botulism, a form of blood poisoning. The conclusion in the box is based on these data. Which of the following is the best reason this conclusion may be unreliable? The greatest number of reported cases was 50. The number of reported botulism cases remained relatively constant from 1988 to 1995. More botulism cases were reported in the 1980s than in the 1990s. The number of reported botulism cases decreased after 1994.

A The height of all the trees during the entire experiment
3A IPC B 11/06 Variation in Leaf-Dropping Times Plot Gases Added to Surrounding Air Time (days) 1 CO2 26 2 O3 3 Co2 + O3 mixture 10 4 None (control) 18 The table shows the time it took trees of the same type and size to drop all of their leaves after being grown in different atmospheres. For the experiment to be valid, which of these must be a constant for all of the trees? A The height of all the trees during the entire experiment B The amount of water available to all trees during the experiment C The mass of fallen leaves collected from each tree D The rate of photosynthesis in all trees during the experiment

A The company has yet to disclose the identity of its special herb.
3B IPC B An herbal company advertises that its product will help people lose weight if they take a tablespoon of the product with a glass of water at bedtime each night. Weight loss is guaranteed if a person does not eat for at least 3 hours before bedtime, gets moderate exercise, and drinks 8 glasses of water each day. Why is the company’s claim difficult to verify? A The company has yet to disclose the identity of its special herb. B Numerous uncontrolled variables are involved in evaluating results. C Fasting lessens the absorption rate of the herb. D The advertisement lacks data from before and after weight loss.

Which of these is supported by the information above?
3B IPC D 10/06 Which of these is supported by the information above? A Pets should be kept away from public parks. B Smokers should get frequent medical checkups. C Pet immunizations should be kept up to date. D Smoking in enclosed places should be discouraged.

3B IPC A 10/06 Protein and dietary fiber are beneficial to health. According to the information in the table, which flour is the most nutritious? A Whole wheat B White wheat C Oat D Rice

3B IPC B 10/06 Greenhouse emissions from cars may contribute to global warming. Cars with better gas mileage emit smaller amounts of greenhouse gases. Which car would emit the least amount of greenhouse gases if most of the driving were done on the highway? A J B K C L D M

2A Bio 11/06 Black-and-White Negatives Before digital cameras were available, photographs could be made only with cameras that used photographic film. These cameras are still in use today. Photographic film contains a light-sensitive layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver halide granules. As light rays travel through a camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the photographic film. When exposed to light, the halide granules are activated in different amounts depending on the intensity of the light that strikes them. This forms a photographic image on the film. After the pictures are taken, the exposed film is processed in a laboratory. The film is placed in a solution that reacts chemically with the silver halide granules, forming black metallic silver. The black silver is thickest in the areas of the film exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in the areas exposed to the least intense light. After a roll of film is processed, it is called a negative. This is because it contains negative images of the pictures that were taken. When light is projected through the negatives onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the thickest silver become the lightest, and the areas with the thinnest silver become the darkest. The diagram shows both a negative image and a positive image of a tree. The negative image represents an image on the negative, and the positive image represents the same image on photo paper.

2A Bio D 11/06 Black-and-White Negatives Before digital cameras were available, photographs could be made only with cameras that used photographic film. These cameras are still in use today. Photographic film contains a light-sensitive layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver halide granules. As light rays travel through a camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the photographic film. When exposed to light, the halide granules are activated in different amounts depending on the intensity of the light that strikes them. This forms a photographic image on the film. After the pictures are taken, the exposed film is processed in a laboratory. The film is placed in a solution that reacts chemically with the silver halide granules, forming black metallic silver. The black silver is thickest in the areas of the film exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in the areas exposed to the least intense light. After a roll of film is processed, it is called a negative. This is because it contains negative images of the pictures that were taken. When light is projected through the negatives onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the thickest silver become the lightest, and the areas with the thinnest silver become the darkest. The diagram shows both a negative image and a positive image of a tree. The negative image represents an image on the negative, and the positive image represents the same image on photo paper. Which of the following would explain why this film works with a reduced amount of light? A The film reflects long wavelengths of light efficiently. B Fewer silver halide granules are present in the film. C The film refracts brighter light. D The photochemical reaction can occur in lower intensity light.

Save Our Species Poster: Black-Footed Ferret
3B IPC B 10/06 Save Our Species Poster: Black-Footed Ferret This slender animal depends mainly on prairie dogs for food and shelter. The ferret lives in prairie dogs’ underground tunnels and hunts them at night. When prairie dogs became scarce, so did black-footed ferrets. In 1986 the 18 ferrets known to be alive were moved to a Wyoming research institute. The number of ferrets has increased, and recently a few were released into managed wildlife areas. According to the information above, which of these is responsible for the decrease in the black-footed ferret population? Competition with prairie dogs for resources Reduced numbers of prairie dogs Activity of research institutes Development of managed wildlife areas

3B IPC C 10/06 PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT: Facts About the Flu Vaccine The vaccine may be administered either as a nasal spray or as an injection. Prior to administration, nasal-spray vaccines must be stored at 15oC or lower. In an experiment, vaccine recipients had 85% fewer flu episodes than non-recipients. The vaccine virus is heat sensitive and fails to replicate at temperatures of 38oC – 39oC. Which statement above makes the most valid argument in favor of receiving the flu vaccine? Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Statement 4

A Most horses like the medication.
3B IPC C 11/06 Horses kept in stables sometimes chew on wood. This can lead to damage to the mouth and digestive system. The graph shows the results of a study of a medication that prevents horses from chewing on wood. From the graph, what inference can be made about the effectiveness of the product? A Most horses like the medication. B The medication is most effective between Days 4 and 5. C Most horses will show improvement within 7 days. D The effects of the medication are long lasting.

C Research indicates that AvexTec prevents migraine headaches.
3B IPC D 11/05 Which conclusion about AvexTec is supported by information in this advertisement? A AvexTec is available over the counter at local pharmacies and grocery stores. B People who take AvexTec every day will seldom experience pain from migraines. C Research indicates that AvexTec prevents migraine headaches. D AvexTec can be prescribed to reduce pain from migraines.

A Data that indicates the gender and average age of consumers
3B IPC D 11/06 Which of these would provide the best scientific support for the information on the label? A Data that indicates the gender and average age of consumers B A survey showing that many people prefer pearl calcium C Records that show few requests for money back D A controlled study showing the effectiveness of pearl calcium

A To include a control group B To have an experimental group
3B IPC A 11/06 The table shows the results of a study testing the effectiveness of an ulcer medication. Why was one group given a sugar tablet? A To include a control group B To have an experimental group C To provide a variety of treatments D To give the body additional nutrients

A information was gathered in a controlled manner
A to Z Garlic Guaranteed to lower your cholesterol levels and promote a healthy heart. See what others are saying about A to Z Garlic: “I feel great since starting my new garlic diet! -Mrs. A Smith “I started on two tablets a day, and I’m really seeing a difference. My wife says I look great!” -Mr. S. Johnson “My pulse used to race, but after taking A to Z Garlic Extract for a month, it’s normal!” -Mrs. D. Jones Join those who have found good health with A to Z products and try A to Z Garlic TODAY! Call toll-free to find the location of the store nearest you: Very Good Garlic Extract A good way to help prevent heart disease, lower “bad” LDL cholesterol, and raise “good” HDL cholesterol levels. FACTS ABOUT GARLIC 1000 male volunteers age 50 and above who ate 3 grams of garlic per day in addition to a normal diet for 16 weeks experienced a 20% reduction of cholesterol in the blood, according to researchers at Metropolitan University. 1000 male volunteers age 50 and above who ate a normal diet for 16 weeks failed to reduce cholesterol in the blood. Try our product to enjoy the benefits of garlic. Our extraction process ensures that you will get all the benefits of raw garlic without the odor. Call for a store nearest you. Or visit our website at: extract.com 3B IPC A 11/04 A magazine included advertisements for two different garlic supplements to promote healthy hearts. The advertisement for Very Good Garlic Extract presents evidence that is more valid because --- A information was gathered in a controlled manner B it lacks a guarantee C it lacks personal testimonials to the product’s effectiveness D information was gathered in more than one country

A The product description is for a simple pendulum.
3B IPC B 11/05 Which of the following makes the effectiveness of this product questionable? A The product description is for a simple pendulum. B Many factors can make the paper clip move. C Metal paper clips react with iron and steel objects. D The product must be used while walking in a straight line.

A All people with diabetes can safely use the product.
3B IPC C 11/04 Which conclusion can reasonably be made about Glycotac based on the promotional brochure? A All people with diabetes can safely use the product. B Glycotac is guaranteed to lower blood sugar in people without health problems. C Using the product may lower blood-sugar levels. D Glycotac eliminates the need to exercise to control high blood pressure.

A dissolves faster in solution than a single tablet
3B IPC A Pain medications can be made as powders or tablets. The powders tend to work faster than tablets with the same ingredients because powder --- A dissolves faster in solution than a single tablet B has more total mass than a single tablet C travels through the bloodstream more easily than a tablet D is easier to swallow than tablets

A The hamster could be infertile.
3B IPC C The owner of a pet store assures a customer that if she buys only one female hamster, she will not need to worry about the hamster having offspring, because there will be no male with which the female can breed. What possibility is the pet-store owner overlooking? A The hamster could be infertile. B The sex of the hamster could change. C The hamster could be pregnant. D The hamster could be a twin.

3B IPC Many doctors recommend 800 µg of vitamin B12, and 50 mg of vitamin B6 per day to improve cardiovascular health. Based on this information and the nutrition label, the cardiovascular health benefit of a 1-ounce serving of this cereal is --- Doubtful because it provides insufficient folate and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12 Superb because it contains only 22 g of carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium Excellent because it provides all needed vitamins and is low in fat and cholesterol Poor because it raises blood cholesterol levels with its high fat and cholesterol content

Objective 1 The student will demonstrate and understanding of the nature of science.

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Objective 1 The student will demonstrate and understanding of the nature of science.

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Presentation on theme: "Objective 1 The student will demonstrate and understanding of the nature of science."— Presentation transcript:

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