1. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 1 Emission estimates for pesticides due to agricultural praxis Steen Gyldenkærne and Peter B. Sørensen National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark

2. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 2 Outline Pesticide data Agricultural praxis Land cover maps Models – distribution of data Results

3. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 3 Pesticide consumption HerbicidesInsecticides FungicidesTotal pesticides Source: EUROSTAT

4. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 4 Available pesticide data 1.EUROSTAT - only chemical classes (TAPAS, Technical Action Plans for Agricultural Statistics are trying to improve pesticide data) - All MS have at least sales data - some MS potentially have good use data not yet compiled - problems of confidentiality 2.Country specific sales data on active ingredients (Most north European countries) - problems of confidentiality - by adding expert judgement of pesticides distribution between crops (like in Denmark) an increased potential for distribution is possible - does only partly take into account actual farming praxis 3.Country specific consumption data (UK, Sweden and the Netherlands) - Questionnaires to farmers (FADN data) - limited data transferring to other countries (cluster analysis) - should be representative for all pesticides, crops and climatic zones - is the data reliable? - up-scaling to national sales data? 4.Data from chemical companies and NGOs (PAN- Pesticide Action Network) - not complete

5. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 5 Available pesticide data Source: Pan Germany (http://www.pan-germany.org/download/fs_cz_%20engl.pdf)

6. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 6 Agricultural praxis The need/use of pesticides depends on: Crop parameters: Mono culture increase the pesticide input in general High nitrogen allowances increase the need for growth regulators and insecticides High value crops have higher pesticide input rates Climatic conditions: Warm climate increase the need for insecticides (limited need for insecticides in the Nordic countries) Humid climates increase the need for herbicides and fungicides Availability of pesticides: Few restrictions increase the use of soil disinfectants instead use of crop rotation Few restrictions gives space for use of very toxic and broad spectrum pesticides Education and awareness of the farmers: Pesticide support systems may reduce pesticide use

7. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 7 Crop type distribution in EU What are the need and how precise should it be? ? -Use of national statistics -Use of co-drivers: Land use maps, soil type, climate, FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) 50*50 km2 10*10 km2 5*5 km2 1*1 km2 100*100 m2

8. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 8 Available crop growth data National, regional and local level from Statistical Bureaus NUTs 1 - National NUTs 2 - Subnational (e.g. Bundesländern in Germany) NUTs 3 - County NUTs 4 - Municipality NUTs 5 - Parish If higher NUTs are used there is less need for other co-drivers to determine the actual crop growth in different areas

9. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 9 Land Cover map CORINE textCODE_00Correction_factor Non-irrigated area2110,94 Perm. irrigated area2120,94 Rice fields2130,94 Vineyards2210,92 Fruit trees/berries2220,92 Olive groves2230,92 Pastures2310,55 Annual crops asso. with agr.2410,87 Complex cultivation2420,87 Land principal agr.2430,66 Agro-forestry2440,5 CORINE Land Cover is a vector or raster based map of Europe Minimum vector area: app. 100 ha Not all of the vector area is suitable for crop growing Several crop classes Other maps of interest: LPIS (Land Parcel Information System), very precise Remote Sensing

10. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 10 Increased localisation by adding crop growth drivers 1.Soil type 2.Slope 3.Temperature 4.Water availability

11. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 11 Crop growing areas in Europe 10*10 km 2 (CORINE and NUTs 3 and 4) Winter cereals Maize Sunflower Sugar beets Potatoes Grassland

12. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 12 Example of a pyrethroid distribution

13. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 13 ENRISK risk mapping Source: Environmental Risks from Agriculture in Europe http://www.ecnc.nl/jump/page/503/Environmental%20Risks%20from%20Agriculture%20in%20Europe.html

14. NOMIRACLE, ISPRA 8-9 June 2006 14 Conclusions The risk to be mapped should be defined cleary - in relation to toxicity (acute, chronic and selectivity) -in relation to concentration (pesticide directive) Climatic conditions should be taken into account -degradation rate, DT50 -pesticide movement in soil (water flow) -higher pest pressure in warmer climates Crop growth -land use maps are very essential to define areas with high risk -high value crops are sprayed more intensively than low value crops If the risk is additive then a simple distribution based on expert judgement will often be sufficient If the risk is considered to increase for certain pesticide combinations then data based on questionnaires should be preferred in order to include actual farming practice