1. Spectrophotometer

2. Two methods to detect molecules:
Indicator – Quickest method.
Indicator solutions change colors when a molecule of interest is present.
Allows scientist to detect colorless molecules in a solution.
Examples: Bradford protein reagent
Diphenylamine (DPA) or
Biuret (NaOH+CuSO4).
What kind of data is this?
Qualitative!

3. Two methods to detect molecules:
Spectrophotometer (Spec)
An instrument that measures the amount of light that passes through (is transmitted through) a sample.

4. Spectrophotometer cont…
Uses a type of light to detect molecules in a solution
Light is a type of energy, and the energy is reported as wavelengths, in nanometers (nm).

5. Two different types of Spectrophotometer:
Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometers.
Uses ultraviolet light of wave lengths from 200 nm to 350 nm.
Visible (VIS) Light Spectrum Spectrophotometers.
Uses visible light (white light) of wave lengths from 350 nm to 700 nm.

6. The visible light spectrumO Y G B I V

7. Spectrophotometer cont…
Shines a beam of light on a sample.
The molecules in the sample interact with the light waves in of 3 ways:
Absorb the energy
Reflect the energy
Transmit the energy between and through the atoms and molecules of the sample.

8. But why is the Box Blue?
Blue molecules are blue because they reflect blue light.
Blue molecules absorb the other
colors of visible light.

9. How a spectrophotometer works:
Consider blue molecules, all the wavelengths of light are absorbed, except for the blue ones.
The blue wavelengths are transmitted or reflected off the molecules. If these blue wavelengths hit a detector (such as in the spectrophotometer or the nerve cells in your eye), they appear blue.

10. How a spectrophotometer works:
Molecules are whatever color of light that they do not absorb.
Green molecules appear green because they absorb most wavelengths of visible light, except the green wavelengths.

11. Spectrophotometer cont…
The spectrophotometer measures the amount of light transmitted through the sample (Transmittance).
By using an equation (Beers law), it converts the transmittance data to an absorbance value.
What kind of data is this?
Quantitative!

12. Spectrophotometer cont…
The concentration of an unknown sample can be determined by comparing the absorbance data to standards of known concentration.
The data generated with the set of known standards is called a standard curve.

13. PROPER SELECTION, USE, AND CARE OF CUVETTES
Cuvettes are made from plastic, glass, or quartz.
Use quartz cuvettes for UV work.
Glass, plastic or quartz are acceptable visible work.
There are inexpensive plastic cuvettes that may be suitable for some UV work.

15. 2. Cuvettes are expensive and fragile (except for “disposable” plastic ones). Use them properly and carefully.
a. Do not scratch cuvettes; do not store them in wire racks or clean with brushes or abrasives.
b. Do not allow samples to sit in a cuvette for a long period of time.
c. Wash cuvettes immediately after use.

16. Parts of a spectrophotometer
Inner parts
Lamp
Prism or grating that direct light of a specific wavelength.

17. Visible spectrophotometer
VIS Spec vs. UV spec
Visible spectrophotometer
Contains a tungsten lamp that produces white light.
Ultraviolet spectrophotometer
Contains a deuterium lamp that produces light in the UV light part of the spectrum.

18. Parts of a Spectrophotometer
Outer parts:
Wavelength Selection
Display
Sample Holder
Knobs or buttons used to calibrate the
spec to measure the designated molecule.

20. How a spectrophotometer works:
Visible Spectrophotometer
White light hits the prism or grating, it is split into the colors of the rainbow (Visible Spectrum).
The wavelength knob rotates the prism/grating, directing different color of light toward the sample.

21. How a spectrophotometer works:
The wavelength of light produced by the tungsten lamp range from about 350 nm (Violet light) to 700 nm (red light).
The molecules in the sample either absorb or Transmit the light energy of one wavelength or another.

22. How a spectrophotometer works:
The detector measures the amount of light being transmitted by the sample and reports that value directly (% transmittance) or converts it to the amount of light absorbed in absorbance units (au) using Beers Law.

23. Beers Law aka Beers Lambert law (No You Don’t Need to Memorize it…
Beers Law aka Beers Lambert law (No You Don’t Need to Memorize it….YES you need to write it down!)
A = 2 – log10%T

26. Absorption Spectrum
After collecting data for your concentration an absorption spectrum graph is created.
These can be used when attempting to identify unknown substances (e.g. CSI)

27. The Absorbance Spectrum
The absorbance spectrum is a graph of a sample’s absorbance at different wavelengths.

28. Example of absorption spectrum of Chlorophyll a & b, and Carotenoids

30. The function of a spectrophotometer
The spectrophotometer can measure the amount of absorbance or lack of absorbance of different colored light for a given molecule.

31. The relationship of concentration in a solution:
The concentration of molecules in a solution affects the solution’s absorbance.
Remember [ ] is a ratio – when we change one number – it affects the ratio
If there are more molecules in one solution than in another, than there are more molecules to absorb the light.

32. Applications of a spectrophotometer
Determines the presence and concentrations of samples.
Determines the purity of a sample.
Look at the change of samples over time.

34. OVERVIEW OF QUANTITIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
A. Measure the absorbance of standards containing known concentrations of the analyte B. Plot a standard curve with absorbance on the X axis and analyte concentration on the Y axis C. Measure the absorbance of the unknown(s) D. Determine the concentration of material of interest in the unknowns based on the standard curve

36. LINEAR RANGE
If there is too much or too little analyte, spectrophotometer cannot read the absorbance accurately

37. Useful Links