1. Computer Graphics Prof. Muhammad Saeed

2. Hardware (Display Technologies and Devices) IV August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics 2

3. August 1, 2012 Organic LED Arrays Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays The display of the future? OLED are: Transparent Flexible Light-emitting, and quite bright (daylight visible) Large viewing angle Fast (< 1 microsecond off-on-off) Can be made large or small Available for cell phones and car stereos Hardware IV Computer Graphics 3

4. FED: Field Emissive Displays were once heir to CRT throne Super-small emitters of electrons attracted to front glass Super-fine pixel pitch (comparable to OLEDs) High brightness, wide viewing angles, saturated color August 1, 2012 FEDs use an array of carbon nanotubes for emission of electrons Hardware IV Computer Graphics 4

5. August 1, 2012 SED uses an emitter array based on palladium oxide SED (Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display) Hardware IV Computer Graphics 5

6. iMod: Interferometric Modulator uses natural reflective principles (interferometer) Two-position pixel reflects or absorbs light RGB stripes are used for color imaging Initial target is handheld electronics, near- to-eye Marketed in May 2008 for mobile displays August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics 6

7. EL Display Electroluminescent display uses a common-color phosphor emitter (blue) Color filters (stripes) provide R, G, B imaging Matrix of electrodes for pixel activation Bright display, wide viewing angles Similar to LCD with single-color backlight Similar to plasma with emissive operation August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics 7

8. Portable, flexible, reusable, light-weight, non-backlit Slow for animations Wider viewing angle Used in e-books »VideoVideo August 1, 2012 Electronic Paper Hardware IV Computer Graphics 8

9. Surface looks like surface of a table No mouse or keyboard, just fingers moving and touching on the surface Surface recognizes camera, mobile, etc. File transfer from one device to another with just the flick of a finger Touch animations and multimedia handling »VideoVideo August 1, 2012 Microsoft Surface Technology Hardware IV Computer Graphics 9

10. No mouse or keyboard, just fingers moving on the surface or accepting a particular sign language or sound Made using different technologies Used in conferences, stadia and halls Animations and multimedia handling »VideoVideo August 1, 2012 Wall Display Hardware IV Computer Graphics 10

11. August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics 3D Dislplays With Glasses Our two eyes see two different images and this produces the 3D perception of depth. Two images are produced in the display and we have to wear glasses to see 3D image getting different images for two eyes. Active-shutter glasses are actually small LCD screens that alternately dim the left and right "lenses" in succession. They rely on an infrared signal emitter in the TV that tells each pair of glasses when they should dim each lens, so each eye can see the image intended for it. Since active-shutter glasses are fairly complicated electronics, they're pricey: A typical pair usually runs about $150. They depend on batteries to keep running Continued ….. 11

12. August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics ……. 3D Dislplays With Glasses Passive 3D glasses, on the other hand, are sort of like a pair of specially designed polarized sunglasses. Polarized 3D glasses block different kinds of light from each eye, creating the illusion of depth. That means you don't need any kind of expensive, delicate electronics in the glasses themselves, nor do you need a proprietary infrared emitter to sync with the glasses-- but since each lens is blocking out light, you're technically not getting a full 1080p image for each eye, though your brain should be perceiving a 1080p image when it puts the two together. Video 12

13. August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics 3D Dislplays Without Glasses ( Autosetreoscopic ) Among various display technologies, autostereoscopic displays such as volumetric, lenticular, parallax barrier, integral photography, and hologram displays, present a 3D image to a viewer without wearing glasses or other aids. Autostereoscopic systems display many different view images in time or spatially. Among them, lenticular display is easily manufacturable, provides high brightness, and generates multiple views. In the lenticular display, the LCD pixel array is located at the focal plane of a lenticular sheet. Lenticules are tiny lenses on the base side of a special film. Lenticules refract the lights from LCD pixel array, and make different images observed depending on the viewers eye position. Since the images viewed from left and right eyes are different, we may generate stereoscopic information or 3D image display. It interlaces two images. it depends upon the audience being in a sweet spot to get the 3-D effect. Continued ….. 13

14. August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics …….. 3D Dislplays Without Glasses Video A parallax barrier is a device placed in front of an image source, such as a liquid crystal display, to allow it to show a stereoscopic image or multiscopic image without the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. Placed in front of the normal LCD, it consists of a layer of material with a series of precision slits, allowing each eye to see a different set of pixels, so creating a sense of depth through parallax. A disadvantage of the technology is that the viewer must be positioned in a well-defined spot to experience the 3D effect. Another disadvantage is that the effective horizontal pixel count viewable for each eye is reduced by one half. 14

15. Made using laser technology 3-D display and 3-D Screens Contains a lot of information Useful for archiving 3-D objects, advertisements, exhibition of expensive objects Holographic interactive Computer Screens 3DAvailable in cell phones in a few years time »Video IVideo I »Video IIVideo II August 1, 2012 Holographic Displays Hardware IV Computer Graphics 15

16. Raster and Vector Display August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics 16

17. August 1, 2012 Raster Graphics Monitors How to generate a line using rasters A line is represented by assigning some pixels a value of 1 The entire line is specified by the pixel values Hardware IV Computer Graphics 17

18. August 1, 2012 Vector Graphics Plotters How to generate an image using vectors A line is represented by endpoints (50,50) to (120,150) The points along the line are computed using a line equation y = mx + b Hardware IV Computer Graphics 18

19. August 1, 2012 Bitmap Images vs Vector Images Enlarging a bitmap image simply enlarges the individual dots of color. The result is bigger, chunkier dots, with no additional detail. When a vector image is enlarged, it is re-drawn at a higher resolution, displaying as much detail as possible from the original image. Hardware IV Computer Graphics 19

20. END Hardware IV August 1, 2012 Hardware IV Computer Graphics 20