1. Refraction and lenses

2. Why is it that when you dip a pencil in a jar of water, the pencil appears to bend?

3. Refraction A change in direction of waves crossing a boundary between two different media. It is caused by the change in speed experienced by a wave when it changes medium.

5. In which direction is the light ray bent? Light Traveling from a Slow to a Fast Medium If a ray of light passes across the boundary from a material in which it travels slowly into a material in which travels faster, then the light ray will bend away from the normal line. Light Traveling from a Fast to a Slow Medium If a ray of light passes across the boundary from a material in which it travels fast into a material in which travels slower, then the light ray will bend towards the normal line.

6. Optical Density The speed of the wave depends upon the optical density of the material through which light travels. The optical density of a material relates to the sluggish tendency of the atoms of a material to maintain the absorbed energy of an electromagnetic wave in the form of vibrating electrons before reemitting it as a new electromagnetic disturbance. The more optically dense that a material is, the slower that a wave will move through the material.

7. Index of refraction

8. Index of refraction of different materials

9. Snell’s law

10. Critical angle,  c

11. Lenses A converging (convex) lens is a lens that converges rays of light that are traveling parallel to its principal axis. They are relatively thick across their middle and thin at their upper and lower edges. A diverging (concave) lens is a lens that diverges rays of light that are traveling parallel to its principal axis. They are relatively thin across their middle and thick at their upper and lower edges.

12. Anatomy of a lens

13. Refraction Rules for a Converging Lens Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a converging lens will refract through the lens and travel through the focal point on the opposite side of the lens. Any incident ray traveling through the focal point on the way to the lens will refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.

14. Refraction Rule for a Diverging Lens Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a diverging lens will refract through the lens and travel in line with the focal point (i.e., in a direction such that its extension will pass through the focal point). Any incident ray traveling towards the focal point on the way to the lens will refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.

15. Lens/mirror equation

16. Magnification