1.  emotional facial expressions ◦ evolutionary explanation

2.  emotional facial expressions ◦ evolutionary explanation  role of right hemisphere

3.  emotional facial expressions ◦ evolutionary explanation  role of right hemisphere ◦ recognition of emotion  brain damage –  functional imaging studies ◦ display of emotions  brain damage  functional imaging studies ◦ chimera

4. Chimeras of chimps in various moods

5.  left side of face even shows emotion sooner than right side

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

7.  emotional facial expressions ◦ evolutionary explanation  role of right hemisphere ◦ recognition of emotion ◦ display of emotions ◦ chimera  brain damaged humans

8.  limbic system- ◦ components of limbic system- includes hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, septum  sits within the temporal lobe ◦ temporal lobe epilepsy

10.  What is it? ◦ stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it  What are some of the variables that contribute to how we respond to stress?

11. 1. Sympathetic Nervous system ◦ activates adrenal glands to release E, NE, and other catecholamines into blood

14.  perhaps………

16.  Physiological measures of arousal  lie detector tests

17. Are there problems with these tests?

18. 2. HPA Axis - (hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal) axis causes the release of “stress” hormones (corticosteroids) cortisol - in humans corticosterone - in rats

20. negative feedback loop

21. (hypothalamus) Overactivation of either system can have negative consequences

22.  real illnesses that are exacerbated by stress- ◦ these can be potentially life threatening

23.  ulcers  heart disease  asthma  various skin conditions -

24.  Behavioral medicine  Psychoneuroimmunology

25.  Sapolsky ◦ vervet monkeys - 1989

26. Eight vervet monkeys, housed in a primate center in Kenya, died spontaneously from 1964 to 1966, were found at necropsy to have multiple gastric ulcers; a retrospective, neuropathological study was then done of this opportunistic population. Compared with controls euthanized for other research purposes, ulcerated monkeys had marked hippocampal degeneration that was apparent both quantitatively and qualitatively, and both ultrastructurally and on the light- microscopic level. Minimal damage occurred outside the hippocampus.

28.  Sapolsky ◦ vervet monkeys - 1989  gastric ulcers, overactive adrenal gland, degeneration and depletion of hippocampal neurons

29.  Cushings Syndrome - ◦ increased glucocorticoid release (can be reversed with treatment)  PTSD -  Depressed patients

31.  Increased cortisol or corticosterone ◦ increase Ca+2 influx  increased risk of overexcitation

32.  Rat studies -

35.  Yes- clinical data and animal studies

37.  Chronic stress situations ◦ examples: Is this associated with increased susceptibility to disease?

40. Chronic stress affects immune response in terms of illness incidence and recovery

41.  Segerstrom

42. ◦ law students during their first semester ◦ optimism associated with  increased n of helper T cells  increased natural killer cell activity