1. Growth requirements

2. Growth Requirements Most common nutrients contain necessary elements (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen) Microbes obtain nutrients from variety of sources

3. Growth Requirements Sources of carbon, energy, and electrons – Two groups of organisms based on source of carbon Autotrophs Heterotrophs – Two groups of organisms based on source of energy Chemotrophs – Phototrophs

4. Figure 6.1 Four basic groups of organisms

5. Growth Requirements Oxygen requirements – Aerobes - are completely dependent on atmospheric O 2 for growth – Anaerobes - do not tolerate O 2 and die in its presence – Facultative anaerobes - do not require O 2 for growth, but do grow better in its presence – Aerotolerant anaerobes - ignore O 2 and grow equally well whether it is present or not – Microaerophiles - are damaged by the normal atmospheric level of O 2 (20%) but require lower levels (2 to 10%) for growth

6. Figure 6.3 Oxygen requirements of organisms-overview

7. Growth Requirements Nitrogen requirements – Anabolism often ceases because of insufficient nitrogen – Nitrogen acquired from organic and inorganic nutrients – All cells recycle nitrogen from amino acids and nucleotides – Nitrogen fixation by certain bacteria is essential to life on Earth

8. Key bacteria for nitrogen cycle Nitrosomonas convert ammonia to nitrite Nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate. Pseudomonas convert nitrate to nitrogen gas. Azotobacter and Rhizobium are nitrogen- fixing bacteria which fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and make it available to leguminous plants,

9. Growth Requirements Other chemical requirements – Phosphorus – Sulfur – Trace elements Required only in small amounts – Growth factors Necessary organic chemicals that cannot be synthesized by certain organisms

10. Growth Requirements Physical Requirements – Temperature Effect of temperature on proteins Effect of temperature on membranes of cells and organelles – If too low, membranes become rigid and fragile – If too high, membranes become too fluid

12. Figure 6.4 Microbial growth-overview

13. Figure 6.5 Four categories of microbes based on temperature ranges for growth Psychrophiles Mesophiles Thermophiles Hyperthermophiles Growth rate Temperature (°C)

14. Figure 6.6 An example of psychrophile-overview

15. Growth Requirements Physical Requirements – pH Organisms are sensitive to changes in acidity – H + and OH – interfere with H bonding Neutrophiles grow best in a narrow range around neutral pH (5.5 – 8.0) Acidophiles grow best in acidic habitats – pH between 0-5.5 Alkalinophiles live in alkaline soils and water – pH between 8.5 and 11.5

16. Growth Requirements Physical Requirements - water – Bacteria are about 80-90% water – require moisture because they obtain most of their nutrients from their aqueous environment – Use water to dissolve enzymes and nutrients – important reactant in metabolic reactions – Most cells die in absence of water Some have cell walls that retain water Endospores and cysts cease most metabolic activity

17. Growth Requirements Physical Requirements - water – Osmotic pressure Pressure on a membrane by a solution containing solutes that cannot cross membrane Hypotonic - osmotic lysis can occur Hypertonic - cell shrinkage called plasmolysis – the addition of salts or other solutes to a solution inhibits food spoilage by bacteria – as occurs when meats or fish is salted Restricts organisms to certain environments – Obligate and facultative halophiles (salt environments)

18. Growth Requirements Physical Requirements – water – Hydrostatic pressure Water exerts pressure in proportion to its depth Barophiles live under extreme pressure – Their membranes and enzymes depend on pressure to maintain their shape

19. Associations and Biofilms Organisms live in association with different species – Antagonistic relationships – Synergistic relationships – Symbiotic relationships

20. Associations and Biofilms Biofilms – complex relationships among many microorganisms – Develop an extracellular matrix Adheres cells to one another Allows attachment to a substrate Sequesters nutrients May protect individuals in the biofilm – Form on surfaces often as a result of quorum sensing a system of stimulus and response correlated to population density coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population – Many microorganisms more harmful as part of a biofilm

21. Figure 6.7 Plaque (biofilm) on a human tooth

22. There is no single medium or set of physical conditions that permits the cultivation of all bacteria, many species are quite fastidious, requiring specific ranges of pH, osmotic strength, temperature and presence or absence of oxygen The requirements for growth of bacteria under laboratory conditions are determined by trial and error