1. Japan –First half of the 19 th century the shogunate continued »Central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances between daimyos and samurai »Financial problems. Taxation based on agriculture, economy becoming commercialized. Manufacturing spread to countryside »Reform efforts fail

2. Japan Intellectual life expand under Tokugawa Intellectual life expand under Tokugawa Neo-Confucianism (elite), most Buddhists Neo-Confucianism (elite), most Buddhists Classes more secular Classes more secular Education expands. Highest literacy outside the West Education expands. Highest literacy outside the West

3. The West and Japan 1853 Matthew Perry forces Japan open to the West1853 Matthew Perry forces Japan open to the West Wins negotiations to open ports for commerceWins negotiations to open ports for commerce Shogunate’s weakness shown and new Emperor Mutsuhito, MeijiShogunate’s weakness shown and new Emperor Mutsuhito, Meiji »Abolishes feudalism

4. Politics Central government expands power to carry out economic and social change Central government expands power to carry out economic and social change Samurai officials sent to the West. Samurai class abolished. Samurai officials sent to the West. Samurai class abolished. Political parties form on regional levels Political parties form on regional levels The Meiji create new conservative nobility from former nobles The Meiji create new conservative nobility from former nobles

5. Politics Bureaucracy reorganized. Opened to those taking civil service exams Bureaucracy reorganized. Opened to those taking civil service exams Only about 5% of population able to vote, mostly wealthy businessmen and former nobles. Only about 5% of population able to vote, mostly wealthy businessmen and former nobles. Imitates West but has own identity Imitates West but has own identity

6. Industrial Revolution New Western Army New Western Army New bonds to fund trade and provide investment capital New bonds to fund trade and provide investment capital Railways and steam vessels Railways and steam vessels Land reform for individual ownership, which helps stimulate production Land reform for individual ownership, which helps stimulate production

7. Industrial Revolution Model factories created to provide industrial experience Model factories created to provide industrial experience Expand education Expand education Private enterprise was involved in growing economy Private enterprise was involved in growing economy Entrepreneurs came from all social ranks Entrepreneurs came from all social ranks Huge industrial combines (zaibatsu) forms Huge industrial combines (zaibatsu) forms Leads to dependence upon Western imports Leads to dependence upon Western imports

8. Society Universal Education Universal Education Western fashions Western fashions Birthrate drops Birthrate drops High divorce rate High divorce rate Inferiority of women Inferiority of women Shintoism Shintoism Expansion for raw materials Expansion for raw materials Poor living conditions Poor living conditions