1. History of Post Keynesian Economics
Its Core Principles

2. History of Ideas – and of People
Keynes was a Cambridge Economist
Working in the Cambridge Tradition
PK economics could be called
Cambridge Economics after Keynes
If you don’t understand pre-Keynes economics in Cambridge you can’t understand post-Keynes Cambridge economics
{There is no more Cambridge economics!}

3. Pre-Keynes Cambridge Economics
Marshall, but also Lavington, Pigou, Robertson, Hawtrey
Monetary-Business cycle tradition
Say’s Law tradition – self-stabilising nature of economic system
The British Slump –started in 1920s
Going off Gold standard
Public works – Can Lloyd George Do It?

4. Pre-Keynes Cambridge Economics
All trained by Marshall
JR anecdote
They all rebelled against Marshall
They all rejected self-adjustment
Why didn’t price adjustment produce recovery from the slump
Kahn Fellowship Dissertation
Sraffa challenged Marshallian doctrine of perfect competition –Laws of Returns
Joan Robinson produce Economics of Imperfect Competition

5. General Theory challenges self-adjusting system assumption
Theory of Effective Demand
Already present in Hawtrey – linked to financing
Core Principle > Increasing saving does not provide resources for Investment –
Only Increasing Income increases savings
Fallacy of Composition

6. Alternative Versions of Core Principle -- Kalecki
Increasing profits share by reducing wages does not increase investment
Income Distribution – by income class
Degree of monopoly – formally equivalent to propensity to consume
Return of Classical price theory
– constant wage share
– constant costs

7. Alternate Versions of Core Principles -- Lerner-- Domar
Fiscal Budget surplus does not free resources for investment
Functional Finance
Fiscal Deficits Necessary over time
Domar – deficits can stabilise as share of GDP
Balanced Budget Multiplier

8. Rethinking the Classical Tradition
Sraffa’s rehabilitation of Ricardo
Sraffa’s constant costs & Imperfect Competition
Kalecki Income Distribution and Class
Marshall’s Long/Secular Period as Classical
Long-period theory of employment – Joan Robinson – Richard Kahn
Keynesian theory of distribution – N Kaldor

9. Bastard Keynesians were also at work
Marshall is built on process of adjustment driven by relative price determined substitution of factors
If wages are low enough a given stock of capital can employ all workers – putty capital
If wages are low enough a given stock of money will produce interest rate low enough to produced enough investment that via the multiplier will increase incomes and consumption by enough to provide full employment

10. Given Capital Stock, Given Money Supply
Both are “long-period” adjustment processes
Ignore “History v. Equilibrium”
Comparison v. Change
Daylight saving time
Pigou and Keynes on causes of fall in real wages with an increase in output and employment
Neo-classical synthesis – neoclassical micro- Keynesian macro

11. Fighting Bastard Keynesians
Prevent bringing Pre-Keynesian theory in through the back door
PostKeynesian Distribution Theory
Kaldor == macro
Kalecki == micro – degree of monopoly

12. Fighting Bastard Keynesians
PostKeynesian Growth Theory – Robinson
-- Attack K in production function – marginal productivity – malleable capital
-- Sraffa – value of capital not independent of rate of interest, i.e. of its price
-- Leon - Pasinetti – Structural Change & Growth
-- Garegnani – mec curve is neoclassical
-- Roncaglia: join Prices of production to Keynes” Effective Demand ..
-- Long Period Theory of Effective Demand
{Solow-Swan comes afterwards!}

13. Fighting Bastard Keynesians – Price theory
Attack perfect competition price theory
-- Kalecki: degree of monopoly
-- Harrod: Dynamic economics
-- Sylos Labini: Oligopoly and Technical Progress
-- Weintraub: mark up pricing – magic “k”
-- Eichner: MegaCorp and Oligopoly
-- Andrews – Oxford Research Group

14. Bastard Keynesians Become Neo-Neoclassics
Capital Theory – Parables are never true
General Equilibrium – Arrow Debreu
Rational Expectations – Lucas
Samuelson surrenders -- Elvis has left the building
Mainstream disengages
Classical Economics Redux
Return of the Budget Hawks

15. New Keynesians
Mainstream redefines Keynes – Quantity Constraints, Lemons and Asymmetric information
Market Imperfections
Ron Reagan and W become major PK economists

16. Where have all the Bastard Keynesians Gone?
Go Back to Monetary Production Economics
PK is “understanding” Keynes
-- It’s Money Stupid!
-- It’s Uncertainty Stupid!
PK is endogenous money
-- It’s Endogenous Money Stupid!
-- It’s the Circuit Stupid!
{but already present in Hawtrey, Kalecki and Keynes}
There is no money in PK Growth & Distribution Theory

17. Are Core Principles Enough?
Raising Saving, Lowering Wages, Balancing the Budget no good
Bastard Keynesian Response says NO
-- History versus Equilibrium
-- Fundamental Uncertainty
-- Mark-up pricing

18. Monetary Production
Integration of Money and Real – Money a “Real Factor”
Integration of Micro and Macro
Micro decisions Macro outcomes
Expectations of the Future Impinge on Present Decisions
Financial Fragility - Instability

19. Monetary Production
Money Today v. Money Tomorrow Decisions -- Marx M-C-M’
Revise our theory of Supply and Demand
Spot v. Forward Prices
“Two Price” Theory
{It’s Price Theory Stupid!}

20. Monetary Production Money rate of interest rules the roost
Liquidity Preference
Need to Define Nature of Money
Define a Monetary Production Economy
-- Chapter 17 essential properties
-- Chartalism -- state money