1. “Storage is Cheap” and Other Lies Lance Stuchell, University of Michigan Library Curating and Managing Research Data for Re-Use ICPSR, July 31, 2013 “Hard Drives” by Michael Muni CC-BY-NC-ND

2. Overview Instability of storage hardware costs Check out David Rosenthal’s blog at http://blog.dshr.org/ Costs of storing digitized moving images Effects of storage costs on digital preservation, formats, etc.

3. “Storage is Cheap” Perception is based on “Kryder's Law” A 2005 Scientific American article about Mark Kryder, Seagate's Senior VP of Research Magnetic disk density increases quickly Disk density closely tied to pricing 30-year history of disk prices dropping about 40% per year Disk costs were affordable & predictable 30% of total storage costs

4. The Party's Over Mid 2011: Kryder’s Law slows Latest projections ~ 20% density growth Late 2011: Flooding in Taiwan causes shortfall of 70 million disk drives Prices remain over 50% higher Not expected to return to pre-flood levels until 2014 Changes in technology David S. H. Rosenthal, “Storage Will Be A Lot Less Free Than It Used To Be,” 2012. http://blog.dshr.org/2012/10/storage-will-be-lot-less-free-than-it.html

5. “Optimistically, for the rest of this decade the rapid decrease in cost per bit of storage that has been a constant of the last three decades will be much slower; it might even stop.” David S. H. Rosenthal, et al., “The Economics of Long-Term Digital Storage” 2012. http://www.lockss.org/locksswp/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/unesco2012.pdf

6. A/V Digitization at MLibrary Digitization of Special Collections material Audio: Uncompressed BWF master files 1 original audio object ≈ 5 GB storage Moving Image: Uncompressed preservation master Compressed production master 1 original video object ≈ 40.4 GB Storage

7. A/V Storage Estimates

8. TB/Year

9. Initial Costs Estimates Value Storage: $250/TB per year

10. Initial Costs Estimates Value Storage: Tape Backups: $250/TB per year $1,825/TB per year

11. Initial Costs Estimates Value Storage: Tape Backups: $250/TB per year $1,825/TB per year 2018:$245,325 2023:$485,200 2013:$32,450

12. Reaction

13. Current Costs Estimates Value Storage: Tape Backups (MLib): $250/TB per year Equipment costs Cheaper most years

14. Current Cost Estimates

17. Total 11 Year Storage Cost $569,368

18. Current Cost Estimates

20. Looking Ahead Assuming steady pricing Instability in per-bit storage Will not fall under 20% growth until 2018 ITS storage costs may not fall at same rate Long-term costs of cloud are not known Amazon costs haven't decreased at HD rate 1 Tape storage for preservation copies? Economies of scale Digital Preservation Network 1 Rebecca Pool, “Is cloud storage the answer to preservation?” Research Information, 2/14/2013

21. Ramifications Preservation Some moving image material is not retained in uncompressed formats Still image formats are balance of preservation and size Appraisal and re-appraisal What are we keeping and for how long? Costs of starting up

22. Storage Takeaways HD costs are no longer predictable Budgets often neglect storage Ignoring significant and ongoing costs Storage costs are community wide problem Question of scale Best practice may not be possible Backups can cost more than primary storage Archival storage ain’t cheap!

23. Thanks!!