1. Imperial Expansion and the Punic Wars

2. External Threats Sabines, Alba Longa Veii Lars Porsenna
Lake Regillus (496BC)
Volscii, and Aequi
The renegade, Corlioanus
Cincinnatus
The Latin League (30 city-states)(50/50split)
patron – client relationship
ager publicus
coloniae

3. War with Veii access to the Tiber, salt beds, and ager publicus
Fidemae
10 years to 396BC
stipendium
M. Furius Camillus
praeda

4. Gallic Sack of Rome 390BC Gauls? Celts? weakening of Etruria
Senones led by Brennus
realpolitik of Syracuse?
siege of Clusium
siege of Capitoline citadel
vae victis!
Po River Valley (Bonnie and Clyde)
psychological effect

5. End of the Latin League
consolidation of central Italy from BC (animosity between Rome and the Latin League)
alliance with the Samnites
ius Latii, citizenship, citizenship sine suffragio, socii, municipiae
“spare the conquered, battle down the proud”
divide and conquor

7. THINK PAIR SHARE: In these early years of expansion, to what extent is the casus belli a real threat to Rome? In other words, in what ways are these wars caused by real threats or are they the product of a Roman desire for expansion? Must Rome’s response be martial?

8. Samnite Wars Campania and the First Samnite War (340’sBC)
Coloniae, Neapolis (Naples), and the Second Samnite War (320’sBC)
Battle of the Claudine Forks and Battle of Lautulae
Etruscans join Samnites
VE 308BC/ VS 304BC
Via Appia and Aqua Appia (Censor Appius Claudius)
maniples, gladius, pilum
Etruscans, Gauls, and the Third Samnite War (298BC)
Battle of Sentinum
municipiae, Gauls hemmed in the Po River Valley, and Greek city-states in the South

10. Pyrrhic War Tarantum King Pyrrhus of Epirus war elephants
Pyrrhic Victories at Heraclea and Ausculum
alliance with Carthage
while leaving Sicily: “What a field we are leaving for the Romans and Carthiginians to exercise their arms.”
Rome, master of Italy

11. THINK PAIR SHARE: In what ways is Rome’s economy tied into warfare and the military? What are the consequences of this relationship?

12. The Punic Wars Phoenician city founded 814BC by Queen Dido
greatest Mediterranean sea power
4 million subjects & stories of sailors in South Africa and Ireland
ran by a “board of directors”
minimal class conflict
mercenary army

13. The First Punic War Mamertines at Messana (288BC)
Hiero II, King of Syracuse (265BC)
Carthigian aid, Roman aid (declaration by comitia centuriata, arguments by the Claudii vs. Fabii, discussion of Regium, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica)
Hanno forfeits Messana
Carthigianian/ Syracusean siege of Messana
early Roman victories in Sicily
defection of Hiero (foreign cliens)
seige of Agrigentum (two walls)

15. The First Punic War Roman triremes and Carthiginian quinquiremes
beached quinquireme, and the corvus
Mylae (260BC) and the columna rostrata
Roman invasion of Corsica and Sardinia
Naval Battle of Ecnomus, invasion of North Africa (256BC), the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus, the hubris or Regulus, the Battle of Bagradas, and the dismissal of Xanthippus.
247BC – Hamilcar Barca leads Carthiginian forces in Sicily; asymmetrical war based at Mt. Etna
war of attrition, 9 year siege of Lilybaelum, P. Claudius Pulcher’s raid, and auspices.
victory at the Aegates Islands (241BC)
“If they’re not hungry, maybe they’re thirsty”

16. The End of the First Punic War
Carthiginian withdrawal from Sicily
war indemnity
mare noster
acquisition of Corsica and Sardinia
evolution of provincia
perseverance of Senate and socii
Carthage involved in Mercenary War (238BC)
Rome fights a series of Illyrian Wars against pirates, and conquers Cisalpine Gaul, settling the Po River Valley

17. THINK PAIR SHARE: In what ways does the First Punic War guarantee and also shape the Second Punic War? What other ways could have the First Punic War concluded that would have better provided for a peaceful future between these two powers?

18. The Outbreak of the Second Punic War
Hamilcar in Spain
new territory (New Carthage and Barcelona)
precious metals “the new world of the old world”
establishment of dynasty
Romans wary of Gauls
Ebro River Treaty
Saguntum
Hannibal (221BC)

19. Crossing into Italy
Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder) sent to Spain (Gnaeus pushes onwards)
Hannibal leaves Hasdrubal with an army of 16,000. He sets out with 80,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry, and elephants
crossing of the Rhodenus (Rhone)
crossing the Alps
c. ½ Carthiginian army emerges Alps, and 1-handful of elephants
Tributaries of the Po, injury of Cornelius Scipio (the Elder), presence of Cornelius Scipio (the Younger)

20. Trebia River Battle (218BC)
T. Sempronius Longus
Hannibal baits the Romans
Mago’s Ambush
20,000 Romans KIA
loss of northernmost Italy

21. Battle of Lake Trasimene (217BC)
swamps and eye
G Flaminius and Gn. Servilius Geminus
30,000 Romans KIA
10,000 captured
4,000 reinforcements destroyed
Sanguineto

22. Fabius Maximus “Cunctator”, dictator
Fabian Tactics
escape of Hannibal from Campania
socii in central Italy remain loyal

23. Cannae (215BC)
G. Terentius Varro (hubris) & Lucius Aemilius Paullus (reserve)
Numidian Cavalry
Pincer Movement
hamstrings
50-70,000 Roman KIA
11,000 captured
Capua, Syracuse (Sicily), Macedon defect to Carthiginians

24. Turning Point “Hannibal at the Gates”
seizure of power by senate, merit based political advancement, and return to Fabian Tactics
M. Claudius Marcellus in Sicily, death of Archimedes
Gn. and P. Cornelius Scipio in Spain (since 217BC), both killed in 211BC
P. Cornelius Scipio (the Younger, later, Africanus)
cult of personality, aristea, prorogatio
capture of New Carthage (209BC)
Battle of Metaurus (207BC) and the decapitation of Hasdrubal Barca

25. The End of the Second Punic War
Scipio, imperator and consul in Africa (204BC)
fall of Utica
recall of Hannibal
Massinissa of Numidia
Battle of Zama (202BC)
Hannibal escapes
acquisition of Spain, and northern Africa
50 year war indemnity

26. THINK PAIR SHARE: It is often said that the Second Punic War is defined by great generalship? Is this the case?

27. The Macedonian Wars
First Macedonian War, “phony war”, Philip V of Macedon, Carthaginian ally, trapped in the East
Philip V becomes an ally to Antiochus III of Syria. Smaller Greek states (Rhodes, Pergamum, Aetolian League) seek aid from Rome (clientela)
Second Macedonian War ( BC), Philip ordered to dismantle fleet, Aetolians defect to Antiochus, Hannibal leads armies of Antiochus
Syrian Wars ( BC), Romans invade Asia Minor, Scipio faces off again against Hannibal
Third Macedonian War ( BC), new players (Perseus of Macedon, and Antiochus IV), Battle of Pydna, Perseus as Rome’s captive, devastation of Epirus, Greek freedom
massive influx of slaves, Rome as master of Italy, Spain, N. Africa, Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria

28. Third Punic War (149-146BC) M. Porcius Cato: “Carthago delenda est”
Numidian (Client) King Massinissa captures territory from Carthage
Macedonian Rebellion (praetors and provinciae)
146BC – Destruction of Corinth and Carthage

29. Effects of War and Imperial Expansion on Roman Society
fear of northern invaders
professional military
praeda
displaced soldiers look to commanders as patrons
provincial administration and tax farming
philHellenism
centrality of the Senate, nobilitas, cult of personality, aristea, honor, and imperium
16 novi homines between 264 and 134BC
Odysseus in America by Jonathan Shay
American Caesar by William Manchester