1. Firm in Home serve foreign markets / source from abroad? Stay domestic Export Export or local production? Import or local production? Import Multinational activity: horizontal Multinational activity: vertical no yes, serve foreign market yes, source from abroad export local production import local production Selling in foreign currency Producing and selling in foreign currency Producing in foreign currency Buying in foreign currency nature of exchange rate risk Figure 8.1 Exchange rates, trade and multinational activity

2. Figure 8.2 Some exchange rates; daily data, 2000 – 2011 Data source: www.federalreserve.govwww.federalreserve.gov

3. Figure 8.3 Australia – USA; spot and forward exchange rates of US dollar, 1976-2011 Data source: IFS.

4. Figure 8.4 Global foreign exchange market turnover, 1998 – 2010 Data source: BIS (2010), triennial central bank survey

5. Figure 8.5 Most used currencies on the foreign exchange market, 1998 – 2010 Data source: BIS (2010); * Because two currencies are involved in each transaction, the sum of the percentage shares of individual currencies totals 200 percent instead of 100 percent.

6. Figure 8.6 Exchange rates and prices, 1960-2009 Calculations based on World Development Indicators online; 64 observations; the line has a 45  slope.

7. Figure 8.7 Exchange rates and intervention

8. Figure 8.8 De facto exchange rate arrangements, April 30, 2010 Data source: IMF (2010, Appendix II); selected countries listed for each regime, see also Table 23.1

9. Figure 8.9 US dollar: effective exchange rates, 1973-2011 Data source: www.federalreserve.govwww.federalreserve.gov

10. Figure 8.9 US dollar: effective exchange rates, 1973-2011 Data source: www.federalreserve.govwww.federalreserve.gov

11. Figure 8.10 Out-of-sample exchange rate forecasting Data source: Meese and Rogoff (1983)

12. Figure 8.11 Canada; interest rates and inflation rate (CPI), 1970 – 2011 Data source: IFS; bank rate (end of period) and cpi (% change), monthly data

13. Figure 8.12 UK; interest rates and term structure, 1980-2011 Data source: IFS; 3 and 6 month Paris Interbank Offer rate

14. Figure 8.13 Two investment options

15. Figure 8.14 Australia – USA: 12-month covered interest parity Data source: IFS; shown interest rates are interbank offered rates, 1986-2005