1. 1 Animal cellA cell. Contains 4 organelles: cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion and nucleus. 2 CellA microscopic building block that makes up all organisms. 3 Cell membrane An organelle. A thin skin that allows food, water and oxygen in. Lets waste out. Is semi-permeable. 4 Cell wall An organelle. A cell wall is around the cell membrane. Maintains the rectangular shape of the plant cell. Made of cellulose. Keeps the plant upright. 5 ChlorophyllA substance. A green dye which absorbs sunlight. 6 ChloroplastAn organelle. Only found in plants. Photosynthesis happens here. 7 Cytoplasm An organelle. A jelly-like liquid. Contains organelles. Where chemical reactions happen. 8 DuplicateA process. To make an identical copy of something. 9 Genetic information The instructions for duplication. Hold information about the organism's characteristics. Found in the nucleus. 10 Hooke (Robert) A person. Born in 1635. Discovered that living organisms are made out of microscopic building blocks that look like rooms, which he named 'cells'. 11 Living organism Anything that can (MRS GREN) move, respire, (be) sensitive, grow, reproduce, excrete and (get) nutrition. 12 Microscope Equipment. A tube containing lenses that can make microscopic objects like cells look larger. 13 MitochondrionAn organelle. Site of respiration. Releases energy. Plural: Mitochondria. 14 Multicellular organismAn organism. Made up of many cells. E.g. ant, tree. 15 Nucleus An organelle. The control centre of the cell. Holds genetic information, to allow cell duplication. Plural: Nuclei. 16 OrganMade out of many types of tissue. E.g. stomach, lungs. 17 OrganelleMakes up a cell. 18 OxygenA substance. Used by the mitochondrion during respiration. 19 PhotosynthesisA process. Happens in the chloroplast. Sunlight converts into sugar. 20 Plant cell A cell. Contains 7 organelles: cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, nucleus and vacuole. 21 Respiration A process. Happens in the mitochondrion. Oxygen and sugar convert into carbon dioxide and water (and energy). 22 Semi permeableAllowing some substances through. 23 SubstanceA gas, liquid or solid. 24 TissueA collection of the same cells, working together. E.g. epithelial tissue. 25 Unicellular organism An organism. Made up of one cell. E.g. amoeba. 26 VacuoleAn organelle. Filled with sugary sap, water and waste. 1Living organisms are made of cells, 2Cells are made of organelles! 3They’re the smallest things that replicate, 4This helps them to duplicate! 5The cell membrane is a thin skin, 6Allowing food, water and oxygen in, 7The membrane lets waste out, 8It’s semi-permeable there’s no doubt, 9Allowing some substances through, 10Saying no to others, like it ought to. 11The nucleus is the control center, 12The nuclear membrane decides what can enter. 13Holding - genetic information, 14To allow for cell reproduction! 15The cytoplasm is the jelly-like liquid, 16It contains organelles that might have drifted, 17The mitochondrion is the site of respiration, 18Releasing energy for cell reproduction! 19Loving sunlight showers is the chloroplast, 20Only found in plants, it’s having a blast, 21Photosynthesis happens here, 22And sunshine is the elixir! 23Plant cells also contain the vacuole, 24Filled with sugary sap for the plant to grow, 25A cell wall is around the cell membrane, 26It’s rectangular shape it helps to maintain, 27It’s made from cellulose which is strong, 28It keeps the plant upright – it can do no wrong! organelles  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organisms All living organisms… Move Respire (be)Sensitive Grow Reproduce Excrrete (get)Nutrition Animal cell Plant cell Unit 1 Organelles to Cells

2. 1 AcrosomeA substance. Penetrates zona pellucida to allow one sperm through. 2 Blastocyst A ball of over 32 cells at six days after fertilisation. The blastocyst implants onto the uterus lining. 3 CervixAn organ. Connects the uterus and vagina. 4 Cilium An organelle. Found on the cell membrane of some epithelial cells. Cilia wave to move substances around the body. Plural: Cilia. 5 Ciliated epithelial cells A specialised cell. An epithelial cell with cilia on the outside of the cell membrane. Ciliated epithelial cells line the oviduct to move the ovum along. 5 Embryo After the blastocyst stage, an organism before it is distinctively recognisable. 6 days – 2 months after fertilisation. 6 Epithelial cellA specialised cell. Lines organs. Protective function. 7 Fertilisation A process. The nuclei from the female and male gametes fuse together. This happens in the oviducts. 8 FetusAn organism when it is distinctively recognisable (2 – 9 months after fertilisation). 9 FlagellumAn organelle. Helps the sperm to swim to the ovum. 10 GameteA specialised cell. Involved in reproduction. E.g. sperm, ovum. 11 ImplantationA process. When the blastocyst connects to the uterus lining. 12 Menstrual cycleThe monthly (28 day) cycle. 13 Menstruation A process. Begins on day 1 of the menstrual cycle. When the uterus lining breaks down and a new ovum matures in the ovaries. 14 Ovary An organ. Where ova mature and are released. Females have two ovaries. Plural: Ovaries. 15 Oviduct An organ. Lined with ciliated epithelial cells to move ova along. Females have 2 oviducts. 16 OvulationA process. On day 14 of the menstrual cycle. An ovum is released from the ovaries. 17 OvumA specialised cell. Produced and matured in the ovaries. Plural: Ova. 18 PenisAn organ. When erect, can enter and release sperm into the vagina. 19 Placenta An organ. Provides the embryo/fetus nutrients and oxygen and removes waste and carbon dioxide from the embryo/fetus. 20 ReproductionA process. Making more of a cell or organism. 21 Sexual intercourse A process. Allows ova and sperm to meet in the female body. 22 Sperm A specialised cell. Produced in the testes, of which 180 million are released during each ejaculation. 23 TestisAn organ. Where sperm are produced. Plural: Testes. 24 Umbilical cordTube that connects the embryo/fetus to the placenta. 25 Uterus An organ. Made out of stretchy muscle tissue. Where the blastocyst develops into a embryo/fetus. 26 Uterus liningA layer of epithelial tissue. Lines the uterus and protects the fetus/embryo. 27 VaginaAn organ. Where the penis enters during sexual intercourse. 28 Zona pellucidaAn organelle. Guards the ovum. Only allows 1 sperm cell to penetrate it. 29 ZygoteA fertilised ovum. 1Swim with flagellum to the ovum 2Penetrate zona pellucida with acrosome 3Energy from mitochondria to swim 4Reproduce with nucleus using half of the genetic information 5Many – 180 million sperm! 6Energy from mitochondria to travel to the uterus 7Growth from cytoplasm for the zygote to divide 8Guarded by zona pellucida to allow only 1 sperm to penetrate. Sperm Ovum Unit 1 Reproductive System DayUterus liningOvum 1 - menstruatio n Breaks downIs maturing 10Starts to thicken Is maturing 14 - ovulation ThickeningReleased from ovary 17Fully thickened Travelling to uterus 28 – if fertilised Stays thickImplants onto uterus lining 28 – if not fertilised Breaks downNew ovum is maturing

3. 1 Cardiac myocyte A specialised cell. Makes up the walls of the heart. Contracts to pump blood around our bodies. Involuntary myocyte. 2 Involuntary muscle A muscle that contracts automatically. We do not consciously tell these muscles to contract. 3 MyocyteA specialised cell. The scientific term for muscle cell. 4 Skeletal myocyteA specialised cell. Contracts to move our joints. Voluntary myocyte. 5 Smooth myocyte A specialised cell. Makes up the walls of internal organs. Contracts to keep organs working. Involuntary myocyte. 6 Specialised cell Cells may be specialised for a particular job. Their structure will help them to carry this job out. 7 Voluntary muscleWe consciously tell these muscles to contract. Unit 1 Respiratory System 1 Alveolus A structure. Tiny air sacs found in the lungs. They increase the surface area of the lungs to allow more carbon dioxide to exit and more oxygen to enter the blood stream. Plural: Alveoli. 2 Bronchitus Lungs become inflamed and infected. This happens when tar in tobacco smoke damages the cilia that line the respiratory system. 3 CapillaryA small blood vessel that carries blood. Capillaries are around each alveolus. 4 Ciliated epithelial cells A specialised cell. An epithelial cell with cilia on the outside of the cell membrane. Ciliated epithelial cells line the respiratory system to move mucus up to the mouth. 5 Emphysema Alveoli walls break down, reducing the surface area of the lungs. Is caused from continuous coughing from smoking. 6 ExcretionA process. Waste leaving an organism. E.g. carbon dioxide. 7 Exhalation A process. Breathing out. 17% of oxygen and 4% of carbon dioxide are breathed out. 8 Gaseous exchange A process. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood stream. 9 Goblet cells The respiratory system is lined with goblet cells, which contain mucus. Mucus traps dust, soot, pollen, bacteria and many other things that might harm us. 10 Inhalation A process. Breathing in. 21% of oxygen and 1% of carbon dioxide are breathed in. 11 MucusA substance. Thin, slippery, slightly sticky and wet. 12 Respiration A process. Happens in the mitochondrion. Oxygen and sugar convert into carbon dioxide and water (and energy). 13 Respiratory system An organ system. Made up of the trachea, left and right bronchus or plural: bronchi, bronchiole and alveolus or plural: alveoli. 14 TracheaAn organ. Takes air from the throat to the beginning of the bronchi. goblet cell epithelial tissue epithelial cell mucus cilia Unit 1 Muscular System Adaptations of the alveolus: (good) Blood supply for oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to easily leave the blood stream (good) Large surface areaas there are around 300 million alveoli. This means more carbon dioxide can exit and more oxygen can enter the blood stream (good) Thinthe walls of the alveoli and capillaries are only one cell thick. This makes it easy for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass across. alveolus (where gaseous exchange happens) capillary

4. 1 Absorption Digested food entering the blood stream. 2 Acid A substance. pH number less than 7. 3 Alimentary Canal A continuous tube from the mouth to the anus,which also includes the oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and rectum. Made from smooth muscle tissue. 4 AlkaliA substance. pH number of more than 7. 5 Amylase An enzyme. Digests starch into sugar. Produced by the salivary glands, pancreas and duodenum. 6 AnusThe last sphincter of the alimentary canal. 7 BileA substance. Emulsifies lipids and neutralises gastric acid. 8 CorrosiveStrong acids and alkalis. A substance that is able to attack another substance. 9 DigestionBreaking down food from larger, complex to smaller, simpler parts. 10 Duodenum The first part of the small intestine. Produces amylase, lipase and protease and is involved in digestion. pH 8. 11 EmulsifyTo make into a smooth mixture. 12 EnzymeA substance. Digests food into smaller, simpler parts. 13 Epithelial tissueLines organs. Protective function. 14 ExcretionA process. Waste leaving an organism. E.g. faeces. 15 FaecesUndigested food and fibre. 16 Gall bladderA gland. Stores bile. Injects bile into duodenum. 17 Gastric acid A substance. Strong acid produced by the stomach. Destroys bacteria on food. pH 2. 18 Glands Organs that give out substances. E.g. gall bladder, liver, pancreas and salivary gland. 19 Goblet cell The digestive system is lined with goblet cells, which contain mucus. Mucus helps food to glide down the alimentary canal and protects the stomach from the corrosive gastric acid. 20 Ileum The second part of the small intestine. Involved in absorption and is covered with millions of villi. 21 Large intestine (colon) An organ. Absorbs water and useful salts back into the blood stream and forms faeces. 22 Lipase An enzyme. Digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Produced by the pancreas and duodenum. 23 Lipid Digests into fatty acids and forms a vital part of cell membranes and is used as a food reserve. 24 LiverA gland. Produces bile. 25 MucusA substance. Thin, slippery, slightly sticky and wet. 26 Neutral A substance. pH number of exactly 7. 27 OesophagusAn organ. This is long (25 cm) tube connects the mouth to the stomach. 28 PancreasA gland. Produces amylase, lipase and protease. 29 Peristalsis A process. When the smooth muscle tissue of the alimentary canal wall contract and relax in wave-like motions, pushing food along. Unit 1 Digestive System 30 Protease An enzyme. Digests protein into amino acids. Produced by the pancreas, stomach and duodenum. 31 ProteinDigests into amino acids. Gets built up again as proteins for growth and repair. 32 RectumAn organ. Stores faeces. 33 SalivaA substance. Mostly water and contains amylase. 34 Salivary glandA gland. Produces saliva and amylase. pH 7.5. 35 Small intestine An organ. Split into two halves; the duodenum and the ileum. Narrow and long to increase the time that food spends there, so more nutrients are absorbed. 36 StarchDigests into sugar. Sent to mitochondria to respire to produce energy. 37 Stomach An organ. Stores food, churns food, breaks down protein and produces gastric acid to destroy bacteria on food. 38 Villi Millions of folds that cover the inside of the small intestine. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine. Singular: Villus. Each villus a good blood supply.

5. 10Saliva is a substance, 11produced by the salivary glands. 12Saliva is mostly water, 13and contains amylase, which 14begins to break down starch! 1Stomach 2Scorpions Stores food 3 a meal will stay in your stomach for 3-5 hours after you have eaten it. 4Can Churns food 5 the food is churned by the muscular wall of the stomach until it is liquid. 6Be Breaks down protein 7 protease is made by the stomach wall and begins to produce amino acids. 8DangerousDestroys bacteria 9 the gastric acid is strong and thus, corrosive that it kills bacteria. 15Bile is a substance, 16produced by the liver, 17stored in the gall bladder. 18Bile emulsifies lipids, 19and neutralises gastric acid. Unit 1 Digestive System

6. 1 AphelionFurthest from the Sun in its orbit. 2 AtmosphereThe layer of clouds and greenhouse gases that are around some planets. 3 Asteroid An irregularly shaped object made of rock left over from the birth of our Solar System. These objects orbit the Sun. Asteroids are smaller than planets. 4 Asteroid beltMillions of asteroids found between the inner and outer planets. 5 AstronomyA science. Investigates the stars, planets and other objects in space. 6 Axis An imaginary line through the middle of a planet. The planet rotates around the axis. 7 Comet An object made of ice which orbits the Sun, mainly beyond Neptune. Can melt as they pass the Sun. This causes a huge tail of gas and dust to form. Smaller than planets. 8 ConstellationA named ‘shape’, which is made by grouping stars together into a pattern. 9 Copernicus, Nicolaus Polish astronomer born in 1473. Accused of heresy because he believed in a heliocentric Solar System. 10 DaytimeThe part of Earth which is facing the Sun is experiencing daytime. 11 Earth An inner planet. Nearly three-quarters of Earth is covered in water. Earth is the only known planet with life on it. 12 Elliptical orbitWhen the orbit path of an object is not a perfect circle. 13 Galilei, Galileo Italian astronomer born in 1564. Accused of heresy for supporting Copernicus. Discovered Jupiter’s 4 largest satellites. 14 GeocentrismBelief in an Earth-centered Solar System/Universe. E.g. Ptolemy (silent ‘p’). 15 Greenhouse Effect A process. The clouds and greenhouse gases in the planet’s atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, which keeps the planet warm. 16 Halley, Edmond English astronomer born in 1656. Predicted when Halley’s comet would next reach its perihelion. 17 HeliocentrismBelief in a Sun-centered Solar System/Universe. E.g. Copernicus. 18 HeresyA belief which goes against religion or a major belief. E.g. geocentrism. 19 Herschel, William German astronomer born in 1738. Discovered 2,400 stars and Uranus. 20 Inner planetsMercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are all solid and rocky. 21 Jupiter An outer planet. Named after the king of the Roman Gods. Has rings. The largest planet in our Solar System (around 300 times larger than Earth). Has 67 moons. Galileo discovered 4 of its moons. 22 LuminousAn object that gives out light, e.g. the Sun. 23 Mars An inner planet. Named after the Roman God of war. For many years, Mars was thought to be the only planet other than Earth, to have life on it because it has ice caps on its poles. 24 Mercury An inner planet. Named after the speedy messenger of the Roman Gods. The fastest moving planet. Can get hot when facing the Sun and cold when facing away from the Sun. No atmosphere. 25 Meteoroid An object made of rock which orbits the Sun. If a meteoroid lands on Earth, it is called a ‘meteorite’. Meteoroids are smaller than asteroids and comets. Unit 2 Astronomy 26 MoonEarth’s only natural satellite. 27 Natural satelliteAn object that orbits another object in space. E.g. the Moon orbits the Earth. 28 NeptuneAn outer planet. Named after the Roman God of the sea. Has rings. 29 NighttimeThe part of Earth which is facing away from the Sun is experiencing nighttime. 30 Non-luminous An object that does not give out light, e.g. the Moon. Instead, it must reflect the light from a luminous object. 31 Obliquity No planets’ axis is perfectly vertical. Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 ⁰. 32 OrbitThe path that an object takes to move around another object in space. 33 Outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are mainly made of liquid and gas, and have rings around them. 34 PerihelionNearest to the Sun in its orbit. 35 PolesThe two opposite ends of the axis (there is a north and south pole). 36Proxima CentauriThe second closest star to Earth. It is a faded star (red dwarf). 37 RotationA process. When an object moves around it’s axis. 38 Saturn An outer planet. Named after the Roman God of harvest. Has rings. The second largest planet in our Solar System. Has 53 moons. 39 Solar eclipseA process. Moon passes between Sun and Earth, blocking the Sun. 40 Seasons Spring, Summer (21 st June), Autumn and Winter (21 st December) in the Northern Hemisphere. Earth and Mars are the planets that experience 4 seasons. 41 Solar SystemThe asteroids, comets, meteoroids, planets and satellites that orbit the Sun. 42 Summer solstice (21st June) A process. North Pole tilts toward the Sun. Northern Hemisphere receives more Sun and light. Summer in the Northern Hemisphere. 43 Sun Closest star to planet Earth. Lies at the center of our Solar System. A huge ball of gas, which gives out a constant supply of energy. 44 StarA seemingly motionless object found in space. Luminous and extremely hot. 45 Uranus An outer planet. Named after the Greek God of the sky. Has rings. Discovered by William Herschel. The only planet to be named after a figure from Greek mythology. 46 Venus An inner planet. Named after the Roman Goddess of love and beauty. Has thick atmosphere of white acid clouds and greenhouse gases. 47 Winter solstice (21st December) A process. North Pole tilts away from the Sun. Southern Hemisphere receives more Sun and light. Winter in the Northern Hemisphere. MrMercury VictorVenus EatsEarth Mary’sMars JellyJupiter SittingSaturn UnderUranus Niagara FallsNeptune The inner planets are solid and rocky, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars! The outer planets are liquid and gassy, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune! The outer planets have rings around them, La la la la la la la la…

7. 1 AndromedaThe nearest major galaxy to our galaxy, the Milky Way. 2 Apollo program NASA’s third human spaceflight program, which landed the first 12 humans on the Moon from 1969-1972. 3 Artificial satelliteA man-made object launched by rockets into space, orbits planets. E.g. ISS. 4 AstronautThe pilot or crew member of a spacecraft. 5 Big Bang A theory. States that the Universe began from a very small initial point 13.8 billion years ago and is still expanding. 6 Curiosity rover Landed on Mars in 2012. A robotic car filled with scientific instruments and cameras to learn about Mar’s rocks, soil and atmosphere. 7 Gagarin, YuriRussian astronaut born in 1934. The first person to travel into space in 1961. 8 GalaxyClusters of billions of stars. There are billions of galaxies in the Universe. 9 Galileo spacecraft Started to orbit Jupiter in 1995. Discovered the natural satellite Io has volcanoes and Europa may be covered in ice. 10 Lemaître, Georges Belgian astronomer born in 1894. Introduced the Big Bang theory. 11 Herschel, Caroline Female German astronomer born in 1750. Catalogued over 3,500 nebulae. Sister to William Herschel. 12 Hoyle, FredEnglish astronomer born in 1915. Strong critic of the Big Bang theory. 13 Hubble, EdwinAmerican astronomer born in 1889. Found that the Universe was expanding. 14 International Space Station (ISS) The largest artificial satellite in space. Is a space laboratory where astronomers can carry out experiments. 15 Local GroupThe group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way and Andromeda. 16 Light Year One light year means 6 trillion miles. This is because light can travel 6 trillion miles in one year. 17Milky Way galaxy A galaxy. Where our Solar System is found. 18 NASA The United States’ government agency founded in 1958 responsible for space research. 19 NebulaeClouds of dust and gas that are between stars. 20 Penzias, Arno and Wilson, Robert Two scientists who discovered radiation, present everywhere in the Milky Way galaxy. This radiation is believed to have been created when the Universe exploded 13.8 billion years ago. 21 Space shuttle A reusable spacecraft built by NASA and used between 1981-2011 to deliver scientific equipment or work on satellites. 22 Sputnik 1First artificial satellite. Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. 23 Steady State theory A theory. States that the Universe had no beginning, has no end and is expanding. 24 UniverseEverything that exists, including myself, planets and stars. 25 Venus Express This spacecraft reached Venus in 2006 and sent back photos and information suggesting Venus has volcanoes, lightning and hurricanes. 26 Vostok 1The spacecraft that took the first human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1957. 27 Voyager 2This space probe left Earth in 1977 and has passed Neptune. Unit 2 Astronomy 1At the middle of the Solar System is the Sun, 2It’s the closest star by a long run, 3This discovery was made by Copernicus, 4Disagreeing with the Bible caused a fuss. 5All of the stars seem motionless, 6They are also known as luminous, 7Luminous objects give out light, 8Some stars do not shine so bright. 9Proxima Centauri is the second closest star, 10You’ll need a telescope – it seems afar, 11The reason why it seems so faded? 12Is because it’s a red dwarf – it is jaded.

8. 1 Alchemist Group of people who worked from 1400-1650 AD who wanted to find the elixir of life and turn cheap metals into gold. 2 Aristotle Ancient Greek philosopher, thought everything was made out of a mixture of earth, air, water and fire. 3 Atom The tiny building block of all matter; living, non-living and man-made. Atom means 'indivisible' in Greek. Although, we now know that atoms can be divided. 4 Boyle, RobertIn 1661, this man discovered that gases can be pushed into smaller spaces. 5 Chemical property Describes how matter can change into another type of matter. Chemical properties include combustibility, ability to rust and ability to tarnish. 6 CombustibilityDescribes how well an object can burn. Wood is very combustible. 7 Dalton, John Born in 1766, his theory was that everything was made out of atoms, which were tiny, indivisible (incorrect) building blocks. 8 Democritus Ancient Greek philosopher, thought everything was made out of atoms, which could not be destroyed, were always moving and have different shapes/sizes. 9 IndivisibleCannot be divided into any smaller parts. 10 Mass Measure of how much matter an object contains, measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). 11 MatterAnything that has volume and mass. Light and sound are not matter. 12 Physical property Characteristics of matter that can be observed without changing the identity of the matter. Physical properties include the colour, shape, size, texture, volume and mass of matter. 13 Rust When the metal iron and oxygen react to produce a substance called iron oxide, which is red and powdery. 14 Tarnish When the surface of a metal tarnishes. Silver and copper have the ability to tarnish. 15 Volume The amount of space that matter takes up in a three-dimensional object. The volume of solids is measured in cm3 or m3 and the volume of liquids is measured in mL or L. The formula for calculating volume is V = lwh. Unit 3 Matter