1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Fiber Type Classified according to two characteristics: 1.Speed of contraction: slow fibers or fast fibers 2.Metabolic pathways for making ATP: Oxidative fibers—use aerobic pathways Glycolytic fibers—use anaerobic glycolysis

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Fiber Type Three types: Slow oxidative fibers Fast oxidative fibers Fast glycolytic fibers

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slow Oxidative Fibers (*dark meat*) Contract slowly Depend on oxygen delivery and aerobic pathways Fatigue resistant  High endurance Rich capillary supply (to deliver more O2) Red in color (good supply of myoglobin)

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fast Glycolytic Fibers (*white meat*) Contract rapidly Anaerobic Depends on glycogen reserves for fuel Powerful contractions but tires quickly (fatigable) Appears white, little myoglobin and low capillary density

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fast Oxidative Intermediate between other two types Contract quickly Oxygen dependent Good supply of myoglobin and capillaries

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9.2

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.24 FO FG SO

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Effects of Exercise Aerobic (endurance) exercise: Leads to increased: Muscle capillaries Number of mitochondria Myoglobin synthesis Results in greater endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue May convert fast glycolytic fibers into fast oxidative fibers

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Effects of Resistance Exercise Resistance exercise (typically anaerobic) results in: Muscle hypertrophy (due to increase in fiber size) Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, glycogen stores, and connective tissue

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Overload Principle Forcing a muscle to work hard promotes increased muscle strength and endurance Muscles adapt to increased demands Muscles must be overloaded to produce further gains

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Smooth Muscle Found in walls of most hollow organs (except heart) Usually in two layers (longitudinal and circular) Involuntary, controlled by the autonomic nervous system

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.26 Small intestine (a) (b) Cross section of the intestine showing the smooth muscle layers (one circular and the other longitudinal) running at right angles to each other. Mucosa Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (shows smooth muscle fibers in cross section) Circular layer of smooth muscle (shows longitudinal views of smooth muscle fibers)

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Contraction of Smooth Muscle Slow, synchronized contractions Can be controlled by nerves, hormones, or local chemical changes Rate and intensity of contraction may be modified by neural and chemical stimuli ***We will go into further detail when we discuss each body system individually

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects Muscular development reflects neuromuscular coordination Development occurs head to toe (cephalocaudal), and proximal to distal Peak natural neural control occurs by mid- adolescence Athletics and training can improve neuromuscular control

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects Female skeletal muscle makes up 36% of body mass Male skeletal muscle makes up 42% of body mass, primarily due to testosterone Body strength per unit muscle mass is the same in both sexes

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects With age, connective tissue increases and muscle fibers decrease By age 30, loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) begins Regular exercise reverses sarcopenia

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscular Dystrophy Group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases Muscles enlarge due to fat and connective tissue deposits Muscle fibers atrophy

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): Most common and severe type Inherited, sex-linked, carried by females and expressed in males (1/3500) as lack of dystrophin Diagnosed between 2-7 years of age. 1 st sign, victims become clumsy and fall frequently; usually die of respiratory failure in their 20s No cure, but viral gene therapy or infusion of stem cells with correct dystrophin genes show promise