2. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS IN THE BEGINNING…

3. NECESSARY EVIL Government is needed for society to function. Government is bad and should be LIMITED. Individual freedoms are the priority.

4. Positive Good Government is more than a punisher…it is a promoter of the common good. Government does for the community what individuals cannot do for themselves. Government is not just needed, it is desired. It protects us from ourselves, and provides us with safety and security.

5. UNNECESSARY EVIL The eventual goal of the people is to get rid of government altogether. Government can not help but exploit the people. Communism…everyone works for the good of society

6. HOW DID WE GET HERE? A BRIEF HISTORY OF OUR GOVERNMENT.

7. DEFINITIONS… Government: The institutions, people, and processes by which a nation- state or political unit is ruled and its public policy created and administered. Politics: The science or process of governing. Law: A rule of conduct or action that is binding for all and enforced by the government.

8. THE STATE The state can be defined as having these four characteristics:

9. THE STATE Many people get the terms “state” and “nation” confused… You will know the difference A state is a body of people, living in a defined territory and organized politically. Like? A nation is a group of people who share the same heritage, culture or history.

11. DO THE PALESTINIANS HAVE THEIR OWN STATE?

12. WHAT WOULD YOU CONSIDER THE SMALLEST STATE IN THE WORLD?

13. Purposes 1.Solves Conflict 2.Provides Public Service 3.National Security and Common Defense. 4.Goals for Public Policy. 5.Preserves the Culture.

14. Where did it come from? 1.Force Theory- The strong will rule. 2.Divine Right Theory- God chooses the ruler, they rule as god. 3.Evolutionary Theory- Come from early families, tribes, groups… 4.Social Contract Theory- Locke, Give some control to gain some benefit.

15. . Autocracy- One centralized ruler Monarchy, Theocracy, Dictatorship, Oligarchy Change is more likely Less stable Democracy- Popular Sovereignty direct, representative, Presidential, Parliamentary, Constitutional

16. PARLIAMENTARY VS. PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT -leader is elected by the legislators -leader and legislators are of the same political party -Prime Minister and/or President is more of a ceremonial role -leader is elected by the people/Electoral College -leader and legislators can be from opposing political parties (which is what we see today!) -President has specific responsibilities/powers

17. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Who has the power? Power is held in a single, central agency This does NOT necessarily mean dictatorship Can you think of examples?

18. Power is divided between a central government and several local governments 25+ nations have a federal government including…

19. 3. CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT The central government has limited power with the most important authority reserved for member states Examples????

20. POLITICAL POWERS -Enumerated Powers- Powers the national government have because they are directly written in the Constitution -Reserved Powers- Powers that the state government has because of the reserved powers clause -Concurrent Powers- Powers that are shared between the national and state governments -Implied Powers-Powers that are inferred based on the Constitution and the Elastic Clause

21. WHO CAN PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT? In a democracy, the people hold the power and give the government the authority to rule over them… What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy? In the USA?

22. THE PURPOSE OF OUR GOV’T AS OUTLINED IN THE PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION

23. 1. TO FORM A MORE PERFECT UNION In union, there is greater strength

24. 2. TO ESTABLISH JUSTICE The law should be administered fairly, reasonably and impartially

25. 3. TO INSURE DOMESTIC TRANQUILITY Without order, people would live in anarchy

26. 4. PROVIDE FOR THE COMMON DEFENSE A State’s security depends on a wise defense and sound foreign policies

27. 5. TO PROMOTE THE GENERAL WELFARE To provide services and laws to protect everyone

28. 6. TO SECURE THE BLESSINGS OF LIBERTY To protect everyone’s freedom

29. DICTATORSHIP Junta: Group of Generals Lead Pinochet ruled Chile after a military coup in 1973

30. Adolph Hitler Benito Mussolini Power is seized and kept by force to be ruled by one.

31. DICTATORSHIP Most common form of government in history Can you think of some PRESENT- day dictatorships?

32. Saddam Hussein Rules with personal preferences (arbitrarily).

33. Louis XIV Power to rule is generally passed down from the king to his eldest son (or if there is no son, to the queen or the eldest daughter). To which theory regarding the origins of the state is this form of government related?

34. What do you know about this person? How did she become queen? Does she really have power? Queen Elizabeth II

35. GREAT BRITAIN – FROM WHICH OUR SYSTEM DERIVES What elements make up Britain’s unwritten constitution? What is the role of the English monarchy? What is the role of Parliament? How have changes affected regional and local government in Britain? How can we describe the British court system?

36. UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION The British constitution is not entirely unwritten. The written parts are called the law of the constitution, and the unwritten parts are called the conventions of the constitution. The Law of the Constitution Many historic documents figure in the written parts of Britain’s constitution, such as the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the Bill of Rights. A body of legal rules has also been recorded in centuries of court decisions. The Conventions of the Constitution The customs and practices of British politics make up the bulk of the unwritten constitution. The system is flexible, but provides no absolute safeguards for people’s rights.

37. THE MONARCHY In contrast to republics such as the United States and France, Britain is a monarchy, with a hereditary ruler. One of the queen’s responsibilities is to appoint the prime minister, but the appointment is still subject to approval of the House of Commons. It can be said that the British monarch reigns but does not rule. In formal terms, all acts of the British government are performed in the name of the queen. The queen, however, has very little influence on the daily running of the British government.

38. PARLIAMENT Parliament is divided into two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords The upper house, the House of Lords, consists of members appointed by the queen on the advice of the prime minister. The House of Lords has limited power. Lords can delay, but not block, passage of bills passed in the House of Commons, and they serve as the final court of appeals in the British court system. The House of Commons The lower house, the House of Commons, consists of 659 elected officials. The Commons is responsible for initial passage of British legislation. The majority party in the Commons largely controls the work that body undertakes.

39. MINISTERS, ELECTIONS, AND PARTIES The Prime Minister The prime minister is chosen by the queen and subject to the approval of the Commons. The Cabinet Ministers, or cabinet members, are chosen by the prime minister. The cabinet, along with the prime minister, provides political leadership. Cabinet members also head the various executive departments. Calling Elections There is no fixed date for parliamentary elections. Instead, under normal conditions, a prime minister announces the date of the next election (at least once every five years). Elections can also be called if the government loses a vote of confidence. Political Parties High levels of party loyalty and party discipline characterize the British party system.

40. ENGLISH INFLUENCE Limited Government & Representative Government Magna Carta (1215): Limits power and first effort to assert natural rights. English Bill of Rights (1688): Established certain basic rights for all British Citizens.

41. Articles of Confederation  Confederate  No tax, No judicial system.  Ineffective! T he Constitution F ederal System S eparation of Powers T hree Branches C hecks and Balances L imited Government P opular Sovereignty

42. Constitution of a country in which God is regarded as the sole sovereign and the laws are seen as divine commands Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

43. Leaders are carefully selected and controlled from within the ranks. Mao Zedong

44. GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE exercised either directly or through elected representatives.

45. Tony Blair Legislative and executive branches of government are combined.

46. GREAT POLITICAL THEORISTS FROM PLATO TO MARX AND BACK AGAIN…

47. PLATO 427-347 BCE The very essence of government is determined by the people who compose it. People do not have the brains to make decisions for a whole country. Each person should know their role…ruler, fighter, and producers

48. ARISTOTLE 384-322 BCE Monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional democracy. Monarchy is the best Poor must have some voice. There can be no extremes of wealth and poverty.

49. JOHN LOCKE 1632-1704 People are reasonable and rational Laws are supreme and must be enforced equally A true democratic government is a government by consent of the people. The more communication the less need for revolution.

50. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU 1689-1755 The best government has three separate parts that represent each part of society. Human reason and morality are the LAW.

51. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU 1712-1778 The people have ALL the power and it is unalienable! The Social Contract People need to serve the state.

52. KARL MARX 1818-1898 The people are the only ones capable of ruling! (The Proletariat/worker) Revolution will overthrow the bourgeoisie (wealthy). Workers of the world unite!  V.I. Lenin  Mao Zedong