1. Cognitive Processes That Help Get Information
Into Long-Term Memory Storage
Selection Internal Organization
Rehearsal Meaningful Learning
Elaboration Visual Imagery

2. Selection Learners must choose carefully when selecting
What is Important ?
What Is Not ?
Learners must choose carefully when selecting
New knowledge from the environment.

3. How Can Teachers Help Learners Select Important Information?
Assess prior knowledge
Focus students attention
Pre-Organize information
Engage students meaningfully
Self-generate knowledge
Monitor understanding
Practice, practice
Provide timely feedback
Interact socially
Equate learning/Performance
contexts

4. Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal of new knowledge will lead to
storage in the Long-Term Memory if the learner connects it with existing knowledge.

5. How Can the Learner use rehearsal to move new information into Long-Term Memory?
Work with small bites of information
Keep attention focused on new information
Rehearse new information by rephrasing
key points
Encoding occurs when the learner actively uses the new
information in ways that relate to the existing knowledge
already in Long-Term Memory.

6. Elaboration
Learning more than the actual material presented; involves adding
detail which could be fictional, to the information to be remembered.
Provides and additional means for retrieval of information if the more direct retrieval route fails.
Using new information and existing knowledge to construct a sensible explanation of and event.

7. Types of Elaboration Imaging- create a mental picture
Method of Loci (locations)—connect ideas or things to objects located in familiar places.
Peg-word- method (number, rhyming schemes)—
Connect things to be remembered to specific words (one-bun, two-shoe etc)
Rhyming-(songs, phrases)—use rhymes to remember. (thirty days hath Sept, April, June and Nov. etc.)
Initial Letter- the first letter of each word in a list is used to make a sentence (the sillier, the better).

8. Mnemonic Strategies
Memory techniques that can be used to memorize important information for long term memory retention and retrieval of information.

9. Meaningful Learning New information Existing knowledge Understanding
Relating new information to existing knowledge gives meaning to new information (understanding).
Meaningful learning takes place when new information is stored with other pieces of similar or related information.
Meaningful learning facilitates both storage and retrieval.

10. Internal Organization
Organizing new information provides effective storage, when the pieces are interconnected.

11. Visual Imagery
Forming mental images of information to explain what was seen or heard to help the learner understand and remember.
Stored quickly and retained for extended periods.
Not always an accurate representation of information, images tend to be less clear than the original.