1. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Landscape scale assessment of nitrogen interactions Pierre CELLIER, Albert BLEEKER, Eva BØGH, Lutz BREUER, Nicolas BRUEGGEMANN, Tommy DALGAARD, Ulrike DRAGOSITS, Jean-Louis DROUET, Patrick DURAND, Enzo MAGLIULO, Jørgen OLESEN Lech RYSZKOWSKI, Mark THEOBALD, Mark SUTTON INRA (F), ECN (NL), Univ. Roskilde (DK), Univ. Giessen (D), IMK-IFU (D), DIAS (DK), CEH (UK), RCAFE (PL)

2. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 How can be seen a landscape with a nitrogen perspective? A patchwork of sources and sinks of N in the natural (fields, forests, natural ecosystems) and « man-made » environments (building, villages, roads) (both largely determined by human activities in the past and present) with a significant fraction of sources and sinks managed by man and possible mitigation on both. Special focus on rural landscapes where large amounts of N are manipulated  agricultural areas with livestock, pigs, poultry, … Courtesy J.E. Olesen ?? What are the interactions between these sources and sinks, and the consequences on N 2 O fluxes?

3. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 What happens to reactive nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere and the soil in such areas?

4. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 B. Loubet et al. (collab INRA / CEH) Local recapture of ammonia by tree-belts close to a source Using a lagrangian-stochastic model (MODDAS-2D, Loubet et al., 2006) to estimate NH 3 deposition and concentration field close to a source (animal housing) surrounded by a tree belt of different widths x (m) z (m) 700 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 x (m) z (m) Animal housing L Tree Belt L = 15 m L = 30 m L = 70 m 4.6% 2.1% 7.1%

5. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 from Fowler et al. (1998) Distance to the farm (m) WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 FARM 240-280 200-240 160-200 120-160 80-120 40-80 0-40 Deposition Kg N ha -1 y -1 Ammonia deposition can induce large input to neighbour ecosystems  are there N 2 O emissions induced by these hot-spots of NH 3 deposition? from Fowler et al. (1998)

6. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Atmospheric deposition from « source » to « sink » fields wind Deposition = 6.4% of the emissions Deposition = 3.4% of the emissions Deposition = 8.2% of the emissions Bare soil where slurry has been applied  large ammonia emission Grassland with LAI = 2 wind

7. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Nitrate leaching Nitrate transfer Nitrate recapture by crops Denitrification N 2 O emission Nitrate transfer and N 2 O emissions at catchment scale in shallow groundwater systems

8. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Soil-groundwater interaction zone Distributed denitrification Distributed N concentration in groundwater from Patrick Durand, INRA Rennes Consequence of hydrological transfer on N 2 O emission at catchment scale TNT2 Model

9. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Transfer of nitrogen by the atmosphere and the hydrology can create delocalized hot-spots of N 2 O emission (indirect emission) at local scale, and modify the GHG balance at landscape scale. This is sensitive to the arrangement of landscape elements (farm, vegetation, humid zones, …)

10. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Fertilizer manufacture Atmospheric N 2 fixed to reactive nitrogen (N R ) NRNR Crops for food & animal feed NRNR Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Leached Nitrate (NO 3 - ) Further emission of NO x & N 2 O carrying on the cascade Livestock farming Natural ecosystems Ammonium nitrate in rain (NH 4 NO 3 ) Nitrate in streamwaters The Nitrogen Cascade

11. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Accounting for the farm dimension allows to ensure … Accounting of all emissions (housing, field work, transport, indirect, …) N and C flows consistency N/C allocation to fields (amount+timing) Estimate at farm scale (see e.g. GreenGrass results) … Link with management Link with mitigation options Moreover, the farm is a part of the landscape

12. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Nitrogen flows on a mixed cattle farm ( FASSET model, DIAS, DK) Crop Above-ground Below-ground Soil Manure store Animals Sale of milk+meat Import of feed+straw NH 3 76 39 Sale of plant prod. 104 51 129 64 105 116 13 85 10 Import of fertiliser NO 3 N2ON2O 74 N2N2 59 11(+11) 94 <1 2 76<1 6 Nitrous oxide emissions: 7933 kg CO 2 -eq/ha/yr 238

13. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Emissions per kg milk produced Two examples of output from a farm model  Allows to compare farming system on farm scale basis (FASSET model, DIAS, DK) Field Pre- chain Manure Animal House  Integrate all components at farm scale Emissions per component

14. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Organization of farm activity in space: example of an INRA experimental farm Steers Dairy cows night pasture Heifers Hay Calves FARM Heifers Dairy cows day pasture + slurry/manure management + hay / silage management N used at farm scale is not disposed randomly nor uniformly to land  need to consider spatial interactions from Jean-Louis FIORELLI INRA Mirecourt grassland cropland

15. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 A ± common scale to all « processes » 1 km 100 m 100 m – 1 km  typical scale of 10 0 -10 1 km²

16. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Need for a coupled model The biophysical model (ecosystem/atmosphere /hydrology) needs a farm model to allocate N and C to field ensure consistency at farm/regional scale link with decision making The farm model needs a biophysical model to improve emission estimates at field account for the characteristics of the environment  Need decision rules to allocate N in space

17. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 The landscape scale in NitroEurope: development of the NitroScape model Landscape database GIS Choosing the relevant models : atmospheric hydrological ecosystem farm (in a consistent way)

18. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Concepts of model linking Re-coding Model A Model B Model C = A+B Database (input data) Model A Model B Wrapper Calls models & database, Provides input from & collects output to DB at iterations Model C Database (input data) Linked models (1) Model A Model B Model C Database (input data) Linked models (2) (OpenMI, Palm, MCT, …)

19. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 NEU-C4 : establishing a network of landscape sites Leadburn Turew Piana del Sele Naizin Bjerringbro Vel Vanla - Different climatic conditions - Different farming systems - High N inputs but ≠ levels - Mixing of fields/farms and natural ecosystems  deposition - Landscape size : ≈ 5 km x 5 km - Local involvement of farmers

20. Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006 Summary: landscape scale analysis must be made in the context of nitrogen research because: Complexity of the environment and possible interactions between, physical, biological and human « environments » Scale of management/decision making,of application for abatement options Need for understanding basic processes and interactions at this scale and interactions between natural environment and processes and decision-making Help to account for the environment in N management and mitigation options Helpfull to upscale from farm/field emission to regional scale, and make balances at landscape and farm scale