1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

2. Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) Izzeldin Shibeika – April,25 2005 UNCC - ifshibei@uncc.edu

3. I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavor. Henry D. Thoreau

4. Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Network Architecture 3. Characteristics 4. OSI model 5. Applications 6. Challenges 7. Standards 8. Conclusion

5. 1.Introduction Starting? Carnegie-melon university,2001 Starting? Carnegie-melon university,2001 Standard Standard Advantages Advantages –Self organized –Self configured –Easy maintenance –Reliability & scalability (no of nodes) Usage Usage –Fire fighters –Emergency personal –Wearable NTKs

6. 2. NTK Architecture Types of arch. Types of arch. –Backbone WMN –Client WMN –Hybrid WMN

7. Hardware Hardware –Mesh router – backbone –Mesh client – stationary, mobile –Gateway Routing/repeating Routing/repeating Multi-hop communication Multi-hop communication –Low power –Small range Other topologies communications Other topologies communications –802.11, 15, 16 –Ad hoc, WPAN, Ethernet

8. 3. characteristics Mutlihop – LOS, NLOS Mutlihop – LOS, NLOS Support of ad hoc Support of ad hoc – self forming with more design complexity Multiple types of NTK access Multiple types of NTK access Power consumption constraints Power consumption constraints

9. WMN vs. Ad hoc Integration Integration Wireless backbone/infrastructure Wireless backbone/infrastructure End-user load decreased – power, cost End-user load decreased – power, cost Multiple radios – configuration, users Multiple radios – configuration, users Mobility of users Mobility of users

10. 4. OSI model Physical layer Improve TX rate and physical layer techniques Improve TX rate and physical layer techniques –UWB – short distance Higher layer adaptation (MAC) Higher layer adaptation (MAC) Multiple-antenna systems Multiple-antenna systems

11. MAC layer Mutlihop communications vs. classical Mutlihop communications vs. classical –Depends on routing protocols Multipoint-to-multipoint – no centralization Multipoint-to-multipoint – no centralization Mobility effect Mobility effect multiple access techniques multiple access techniques TDMA – synchronization TDMA – synchronization CDMA - code control CDMA - code control CSMA/CA CSMA/CA

12. NTK layer Performance metrics Performance metrics –No of hops –Link utilization –RTT Load balancing – congestion Load balancing – congestion Scalability – routing path Scalability – routing path Adaptive support for routers/clients Adaptive support for routers/clients –Power consumption

13. Transport Layer No protocol specifically for WMN until now !! No protocol specifically for WMN until now !! TCP TCP –Congestion/non-congestion losses –Acknowledgment. UDP UDP –Real time end-to-end delivery not guaranteed Dependence on other layers Dependence on other layers –MAC – asymmetry –NTK - routing

14. 5. Applications –802.11 AP locations ?? –AP connections – Hub –Dead zones Multiple mesh routers Multiple mesh routers Power level Power level Mobile Ad hoc NTK, WSN Mobile Ad hoc NTK, WSN a) Home Networks

15. b) Enterprise Networks –Wired Connections –Redundancy – cost –Congestion Public NTKs Public NTKs

16. c) Transportation Systems High Speed Mobile Backhaul to Internet High Speed Mobile Backhaul to Internet Mobile mesh NTKs Mobile mesh NTKs

17. d) Building Automation BAC net (Building automation & control) BAC net (Building automation & control) –Elec. Devices power –Light –Elevators –A/C Connection and Wi Fi Connection and Wi Fi –cost

18. 6. Challenges Radio Techniques Radio Techniques –directional antennas –Mutli-radio/multi channel –MIMO - 802.11n high speed Wi Fi –dynamical control units QoS QoS –compatibility and inter-operability –integration –end-to-end QoS constraints delay, throughput, packet loss ratio,... delay, throughput, packet loss ratio,...

19. Scalability Scalability –Multihop –size vs. performance, routing protocol 802.11 share BW 802.11 share BW –multiple access techniques TDMA – synchronization TDMA – synchronization CDMA - code control CDMA - code control CSMA/CA CSMA/CA security wireless security wireless –AAA – centralization –WLAN schemes –speed –Ad hoc schemes not practical for WMN, ad hoc is like a subset not practical for WMN, ad hoc is like a subset

20. 7. Standards 802.11 802.11sESS (extended service set) 802.11sESS (extended service set) –define MAC & PHY layers 802.11n - 1Gbps 802.11n - 1Gbps two models two models –Infrastructure, ESS –Clients, Layer 3 ad hoc IBSS (independent basic SS) IBSS (independent basic SS) flat IP – no distinction between AP & clients flat IP – no distinction between AP & clients Peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer

21. 802.15 805.15.3a UWB 805.15.3a UWB –DS-UWB - PAN, 1.3 Gbps, 10 m or less –Advantages low power and cost low power and cost accurate location information accurate location information high BW high BW 802.15.4 Zigbee 802.15.4 Zigbee –support mesh topology –coordinator to start the NTK, NTK parameters, request-response routing algorithm 802.15.5 WPAN 802.15.5 WPAN –Recently –MAC & PHY

22. 802.16 point-to-multipoint connection-oriented QoS point-to-multipoint connection-oriented QoS freq. 10-66 GHZ with LOS freq. 10-66 GHZ with LOS 802.16a 802.16a –freq. 2-11 GHZ with NLOS 802.16 mesh limitation 802.16 mesh limitation –100 subscribers - centralized scheduling message structure –connectionless –QoS –no-interference assumption - 2 hops away

23. 8. Conclusion Promising Promising –self organizing –reducing the complexity of deployment and maintenance variety of application variety of application integration with multiple wireless NTKs integration with multiple wireless NTKs hot topic for research hot topic for research –academic and industrial

24. Success is a lousy teacher. It seduces smart people into thinking they can’t lose,and it’s an unreliable guide to the future. Bill Gates The Road Ahead,1996

25. Questions ?

26. Thank you