1. Chapter 2
Keeping Food Safe

2. What Is a Foodborne Illness?
All restaurant and foodservice operations must keep food safe. Every person in the operation must work toward this goal.
A foodborne illness __________________________________.
A foodborne-illness ______________ is when two or more people get the same illness after eating the same food.
The _____________________________ estimates that there will be 76 million cases of foodborne illness in the United States each year.
_______________have a higher risk of getting a foodborne illness than others.
The _______________is the body’s defense against illness. When the system is weak, it cannot fight off illness as easily as a healthy system.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

3. Forms of Contamination
To prevent foodborne illness, it is important to recognize the hazards that can make food unsafe.
A _______________ is something with the potential to cause harm.
In the preparation of food, hazards are divided into three categories: biological, chemical, and physical.
Contamination means that harmful things are present in food, making it unsafe to eat.
Food can become unsafe through:
Poor _________________
________________________ abuse
Cross- ____________________________
Poor ________________ and __________________
Purchasing from unapproved suppliers
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

4. Biological Contamination
______________________ are small, living organisms that can be seen only through a microscope.
The four types of pathogens that can contaminate food and cause foodborne illness are:
V_____________
B_________________
P______________
F____________
Biological toxins, another form of biological contamination, are made by pathogens, or they come from a plant or an animal.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

5. Biological Contamination (cont.)
Pathogens need six conditions to grow. An easy way to remember these conditions is by remembering the phrase FAT TOM, for F____, A______, T__________ (FAT), T_____, O______, and M__________ (TOM).
Food that is most vulnerable for pathogen growth is food that needs time and temperature control for safety, or _______________for short.
To control temperature, foodhandlers must keep TCS food out of the temperature danger zone.
___________________, or food that can be eaten without further preparation, washing, or cooking, also needs careful handling to prevent contamination.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

6. Biological Contamination (cont.)
_________ are the leading cause of foodborne illness. Restaurant and foodservice managers must understand what viruses are and how they can make people sick.
_________ also cause many foodborne illnesses. Knowing what bacteria are and how they grow can help you to control them.
__________ cannot grow in food. They must live in a host organism to grow.
A _______ is a person, animal, or plant on which another organism lives and feeds.
________ can cause illness, but usually they cause food to spoil. Fungi are found in air, soil, plants, water, and some food.
__________ that is visible to the human eye is actually a tangled mass of thousands of tiny mold plants.
_________ can spoil food quickly. The signs of spoilage include the smell or taste of alcohol, white or pink discoloration, slime, and bubbles.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

7. Chemical Contamination
Chemicals contaminants come from everyday items that are found in restaurant and foodservice operations and may cause ____________________.
Store chemicals in a separate area away from food, utensils, and equipment used for food.
Foodservice chemicals can contaminate food if they are used or stored in the wrong ways. This includes __________, _________, __________ and _________.
To prevent toxic-metal poisoning, only use utensils and equipment, including kettles, pots, serving ware and pans, that are made for handling food.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

8. Physical Contamination
Physical contamination happens when objects get into food.
Contaminants can be naturally occurring, such as the bones in fish, or result from accidents and mistakes.
Common physical contaminants include:
__________________________
_____________________________
________________________________
_______________________________
___________________________________
Most physical contamination can be prevented by inspecting food closely, practicing good personal hygiene, and following preparation procedures.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

9. Food Defense
Restaurant and foodservice employees also must take steps to prevent people from purposely contaminating food.
One important way to prevent tampering is to control access to the operation’s food storage and preparation areas.
All employees in an operation, from buser to executive chef, _____________________________________.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

10. Allergens
A food allergy ____________________________________.
Employees should be aware of major allergens and the menu items that contain them.
When serving customers with food allergies, servers must be ready to answer customers’ questions about any menu item.
Servers should never take a guess about what a menu item contains. If they don’t know, they should ask someone who does.
_____________________ occurs when allergens are transferred from food containing an allergen to the food served to the customer.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

11. U.S. Regulation of Food Safety
Most regulations that affect restaurant and foodservice operations in the United States are written at the state level, but federal, state, and local governments are all involved.
____________________________________ writes the FDA Food Code, which recommends specific food safety regulations for the restaurant and foodservice industry.
An _________ is a formal review or examination conducted to see if an operation is following food safety laws.
Successful restaurant and foodservice managers understand local food safety requirements and design policies that address them.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

12. Section 2.1 Summary
A foodborne illness is a disease transmitted to people by food.
High-risk populations include people with weakened immune systems.
Pathogens need six conditions to grow. These conditions can be remembered by FAT TOM: _____, ________, ________, _________, ___________ and __________.
Those foods that need time and temperature control for safety are called TCS foods. Ready-to-eat food also needs careful handling to prevent contamination.
Biological contamination can be prevented by purchasing from approved, reputable suppliers, and then cooking and holding dishes correctly.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

13. Section 2.1 Summary (cont.)
To store chemicals properly, keep them in a separate area away from food, utensils, and equipment used for food.
A food defense system helps to prevent people from purposely contaminating food. One important way to prevent tampering is to make sure access to an operation’s food is controlled through use of uniforms and name tags.
The most common allergens include _________________________________________________________________________________________________.
The restaurant and foodservice industry is monitored by many agencies. The FDA writes the FDA Food Code, and each state adopts the code as it sees fit. State and local health departments then enforce these laws.
2.1
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

14. How Foodhandlers Can Contaminate Food
Good ________________is a key factor in the prevention of foodborne illnesses. Successful managers make personal hygiene a priority.
________________ can contaminate food in a variety of situations.
Foodhandlers are not just the people who prepare food. Servers and even dishwashers are considered foodhandlers.
To prevent foodhandlers from contaminating food, managers must create ____________________. These policies must address personal cleanliness, clothing, hand care, and health.
2.2
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

15. Personal Cleanliness and Work Attire
Personal cleanliness is an important part of personal hygiene. Pathogens can be found on hair and skin that aren’t kept clean.
All foodhandlers _____________________________________________________________.
______________may carry pathogens that can cause foodborne illnesses.
To avoid spreading foodborne illnesses, foodhandlers should:
_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
__________________________________________________________________.
2.2
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

16. Handwashing Foodhandlers must also wash their hands after:
Handwashing is the most important part of personal hygiene. Foodhandlers must wash their hands before they start work.
Foodhandlers must also wash their hands after:
Using the _____________
Handling ________________________
Touching _______________________________
______________________________________________
Eating, ______________________________________________
Handling ________________________________________
Taking out ___________________
Clearing ______________________________
Touching _______________________________________
Handling ______________________________________________
Touching anything else that may contaminate hands
2.2
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

17. Bare-Hand Contact/ Illness Work Requirements
Using bare hands to handle ready-to-eat food can increase the risk of contaminating it. ______, ________, and ___________can help keep food safe by creating a barrier between hands and food.
Restaurant and foodservice operations have a responsibility to ensure that their employees do not spread ______________________.
Foodhandlers who are sick can spread pathogens to food. Depending on the illness, they might not be able to work with food until they recover.
2.2
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

18. Section 2.2 Summary
Various personal behaviors of foodhandlers can _______________.
________________ is the most important part of personal hygiene. It must be done at the right times in the right way.
Personal cleanliness practices include bathing or showering before work, keeping hair clean, wearing clean clothes, removing jewelry from hands and arms, and ____________________.
Proper work attire includes always _______________, wearing clean clothes, removing aprons and storing them in the right place after leaving the prep area, and removing jewelry from hands and arms.
Using bare hands to handle ready-to-eat food can increase the risk of contaminating it.
Employees should not work with or around food when they have a sore throat with a fever.
2.2
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

19. Cross-Contamination
The spread of pathogens from one surface or food to another is called _______________________________.
The steps that an operation takes to buy, store, prepare, cook, and serve food is known as the ___________.
All steps in the flow of food pose risks to ________.
Understanding where contamination can happen in this flow and how to prevent it are ________________for restaurant and foodservice professionals.
The most basic way to prevent cross-contamination is to separate raw food and ready-to-eat food.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

20. Time-Temperature Abuse
Most foodborne illnesses happen because TCS food has been ____________________________.
Food is time-temperature abused any time it is cooked to the ___________________, held at the wrong temperature, or cooled or reheated incorrectly.
Food has been time-temperature abused when it remains at ___˚F to _____˚F. This is called the __________________ because pathogens grow in this range.
The longer food stays in the temperature danger zone, the more time pathogens have to grow.
If food is held in this range for ___________, throw it out.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

21. Thermometers
Three types of thermometers are commonly used in operations—bimetallic stemmed, thermocouples, and thermistors.
A ________________________can check temperatures from 0˚F to 220˚F. This makes it useful for checking both hot and cold types of food.
_________________ and thermistors are also common in restaurant and foodservice operations. They measure temperatures through a metal probe and display them digitally.
__________________measure the temperatures of food and equipment surfaces. They do not need to touch a surface to check its temperature, so there is less chance for cross-contamination and damage to food.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

22. Purchasing
All the food used in a restaurant or foodservice operation should come from ____________, _______________ ________________.
An ___________________is one that has been inspected by appropriate agencies and meets all applicable local, state, and federal laws.
Restaurant and foodservice purchasers must make sure that their suppliers use ___________________along the supply chain.
An operation’s ________________can include growers, shippers, packers, manufacturers, distributors (trucking fleets and warehouses), and/or local markets.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

23. Receiving
To keep food safe during receiving, an operation needs to have enough trained staff available to ___________________________________.
Use _____________ to check food temperatures during receiving.
The packaging of food and nonfood items should be ________________. Reject any items with packaging problems or with signs of pest damage or expired use-by dates.
Poor food quality is sometimes a sign of ____________________.
Shellfish can be received either _______________. Make sure that raw shucked shellfish are packaged in containers for one-time use only.
Eggs must be _______________________when you receive them.
Milk and dairy products must be received at ___˚F or lower unless otherwise specified by law. They also must be pasteurized and meet _____________________________.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

24. Storage
Food can become unsafe if stored improperly. Store all TCS food at ___°F or lower, or at ______°F or higher.
Rotate food in storage to use the oldest inventory first using the _______________________ method.
Always store food to prevent ________________. Store refrigerated raw meat, poultry, and seafood separately from ready-to-eat food.
Store raw meat, poultry, and seafood in coolers in top-to-bottom order based on the minimum internal cooking temperature of each food. Meat cooked to higher temperatures is always stored beneath meat cooked to lower temperatures.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

25. Preparation
Time-temperature abuse can happen during preparation. To avoid time-temperature abuse, remove from the refrigerator only as much food as can be prepared in a short period of time.
Prepare food in small batches so that ingredients don’t sit out for too long in the temperature danger zone.
Remember that freezing doesn’t kill pathogens. When frozen food is thawed and exposed to the temperature danger zone, any pathogens in the food will begin to grow.
To reduce pathogen growth, never thaw food at room temperature.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

26. Cooking
Cooking food to the correct temperature is critical for ______________.
Every type of TCS food has a minimum internal temperature that it must reach.
Once food reaches its minimum internal temperature, make sure that it stays at that temperature for a specific _____________________.
Operations that primarily serve high-risk populations, such as _____________________, cannot serve certain items, such as raw seed sprouts, raw or undercooked _______, raw or undercooked _______, or __________.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

27. Holding, Cooling, and Reheating
If cooked food isn’t served immediately, it must be kept out of the temperature danger zone by cooling it quickly, reheating it correctly, and/or holding it correctly.
To hold TCS food safely, hold hot food at ____°F or higher and hold cold food at ______°F or lower. Throw out any food that’s in the ______________________.
Cool TCS food from _____°F to _____°F or lower within six hours. First, cool food from 135°F to 70°F within two hours. Then cool it to _____°F or lower in the next four hours.
If foodhandlers plan to _________ leftover or previously prepared TCS food so that it can be held for service, they must heat the food to an internal temperature of ____°F. The food needs to go from storage temperature to ________°F within two hours and then stay at that temperature for __________________.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

28. Serving The kitchen staff must:
The biggest threat to food that is ready to be served is _______________.
The kitchen staff must:
Handle ready-to-eat food with __________________________.
Use _________________for each food item.
Store serving utensils in the food with the handle extended above the rim of the container to prevent people accidentally touching the food while they try to retrieve the utensil.
The __________________needs to be just as careful as the kitchen staff.
Any delay between preparation and service increases the threat to food safety. Food that will be served ______________ has a greater risk of time-temperature abuse and contamination.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

29. Section 2.3 Summary
________________ can be prevented by making sure workstations, cutting boards, and utensils are clean and sanitized; not allowing ready-to-eat food to touch surfaces that have come in contact with raw meat, seafood, or poultry; preparing different kinds of foods at different times; and cleaning and sanitizing work surfaces and utensils between each product.
To prevent ____________________, minimize the amount of time that food spends in the temperature danger zone.
Three types of thermometers commonly used in operations are ________________, _____________, and ___________________.
An approved food source (supplier) is one that has been inspected and meets all applicable local, state, and federal laws.
All TCS food must be stored at ____-°F or lower or at ______°F or higher.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

30. Section 2.3 Summary (cont.)
Hold hot TCS food at ____°F or higher, hold cold TCS food at __°F or lower; cool TCS food from 135°F to 41°F or lower within ______—135°F to 70°F within the first ________, then to 41°F or lower in the next four hours.
Reheat TCS food for hot holding by heating it from storage temperature to an internal temperature of 165°F in less than two hours, and then making sure the food stays at that temperature for ____ seconds.
Kitchen staff should handle ready-to-eat food with __________________________; use separate utensils for each item; clean and sanitize after each serving task; and store serving utensils in the food with the handle extended above the rim of the container.
Food prepared and served off-site must be packed in _____________________ and checked for internal food temperature regularly.
2.3
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

31. The HACCP Plan
A ______________________is a group of procedures and practices that work together to prevent foodborne illness.
A ________________________________, or HACCP, system identifies major hazards at specific points within a food’s flow through the operation.
An effective HACCP system is based on a ___________ that considers an operation’s menu, customers, equipment, processes, and operations. It is based on seven basic principles:
Conduct a hazard analysis.
Determine critical control points (CCPs).
Establish critical limits.
Establish monitoring procedures.
Identify corrective actions.
Verify that the system works.
Establish procedures for record keeping and documentation.
2.4
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

32. HACCP Principles (cont.)
First, look for the potential hazards in the food an operation serves. These hazards might be physical, chemical, or biological.
Principle 2: ___________________________ (CCPs):
Find the points in the process where the identified hazard(s) can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to safe levels. These are the critical control points (CCPs). Depending on the menu item, there may be more than one CCP.
Principle 3: ______________________________:
For each CCP you have identified, determine its critical limit. A critical limit is a requirement, such as a temperature requirement, that must be met to prevent, eliminate, or reduce a hazard.
2.4
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

33. HACCP Principles (cont.)
Determine the best way for your operation to check to make sure critical limits are being met. Make sure the limits are consistently met.
Principle 5: __________________________________:
If a critical limit hasn’t been met, you must take a corrective action—a step to fix the problem. Corrective actions should be determined in advance so everyone knows what to do when critical limits aren’t met.
Principle 6: ____________________________________:
Determine if the plan is working as intended. Evaluate it on a regular basis.
Principle 7: ________________________________________:
Maintain the HACCP plan and keep all documentation created when developing it.
2.4
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe

34. Section 2.4 Summary The HACCP principles are as follows:
Principle 1: Conduct a hazard analysis.
Principle 2: Determine critical control points (CCPs).
Principle 3: Establish critical limits.
Principle 4: Establish monitoring procedures.
Principle 5: Identify corrective action.
Principle 6: Establish verification procedures.
Principle 7: Establish procedures for record keeping and documentation.
A ___________ system focuses on identifying specific points within a food item’s flow through the operation that are essential to prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazards to safe levels.
2.4
Chapter 2 | Keeping Food Safe