1. Cold War Confrontations: Asia, and Europe and Beginning Détente

2. Advice from Eisenhower In a speech given 3 days before the end of Eisenhower's term, he warns of the dangers of the growing military- industrial complex. Eisenhower is clearly referring to the U.S.S.R, and communism in general, but he does not actually name them. He warns his successor, JFK, of the perceived challenges these foes to Western freedom would likely bring.

3. From the “Military-Industrial Complex Speech” (1961) …we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend, not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment.... We face a hostile ideology -- global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose, and insidious in method. … Crises there will continue to be. In meeting them, whether foreign or domestic, great or small, there is a recurring temptation to feel that some spectacular and costly action could become the miraculous solution… In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the militaryindustrial complex. … We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. …

4. The Berlin Crisis The crisis over Berlin was building when JFK became President in 1961. The conflict pitted East Germany's Walter Ulbricht and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev against West Germany's Konrad Adenaur and Kennedy. Thousands of laborers defected from East Berlin to West Berlin, which had enjoyed political and economic assistance from the US since WW II. The defections caused major strain on East Germany's crippled economy.

5. The Berlin Crisis The U.S.S.R wanted Western interests out of West Berlin in order to deter the migration and strengthen the Communist bloc. At Vienna Summit of June 1961, Kennedy and Khrushchev were odds over the proposed plan. The President addressed the U.S. on the Berlin Crisis on July 25, 1961. His speech was optimistic, yet firm. Khrushchev responded with a defiant speech of his own. Khrushchev and Kennedy in Vienna

6. The Berlin Crisis: The Wall With dangerously mounting tensions, Khrushchev and Ulbricht ultimately conceived of a plan which would avoid a costly conflict with the West. The erection of a barrier would separate East and West Berlin in order to stem the influx of migration. The building of the wall began on August 13, 1961, with the U.S. opting not to act out in aggression against the U.S.S.R.

7. Vietnam: The Kennedy Administration The perceived threat of communism had an unmatched influence on American foreign policy in the 1960's. President John F. Kennedy was determined to enforce the American policy of the containment of communism. In doing so, Kennedy pledged American support of South Vietnam. What began as financial assistance soon escalated into military conflict involving American troops.

8. Vietnam: The Johnson Administration The assassination of Kennedy ushered in the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. Strong in his convictions, Johnson relied heavily on the word of Kennedy's advisors, particularly the Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. In March 1964, McNamara issued a statement concerning Vietnam in which he pushed for more military involvement and a continuation of Kennedy's policies. LBJ and McNamara

9. Vietnam: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident Despite the optimism of U.S. policy makers, disaster occurred in early August of 1964. Two American destroyers were attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats; the attack caught the U.S. by surprise. In an address to Congress, Johnson requested and was subsequently granted a large investment of money and troops to fight against North Vietnamese communism. The events in the Gulf of Tonkin on the day of the incident are the subject of controversy and dispute to this day. The years following the Gulf of Tonkin incident saw a huge increase in American casualties in Vietnam. LBJ signing the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

12. Shock and Disillusionment in the Wake of the Tet Offensive As 1968 began, President Johnson and the military offered optimistic appraisals of the situation in Vietnam. January 30th, North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops launched a massive, unexpected offensive on the lunar New Year holiday of Tet. U.S. forces repelled enemy forces, but public support for the war plummeted as Americans recognized the inevitability of stalemate.

13. Walter Cronkite’s “We are Mired in Stalemate” Broadcast (February 27, 1968) To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could.

14. The Sino-Soviet Split By the 1960’s, China and the U.S.S.R. felt mutual distaste for the others' interpretations of communist doctrine. The Soviets accused the Chinese of desiring a split, which would weaken communism. China was dissatisfied with what it considered to be concessions made by the Soviets to Western imperialists, namely the U.S. China was unhappy with the Soviet treatment of the Berlin crisis and the Cuban Missile crisis, believing the U.S.S.R to be to compliant with the U.S. In 1964, China severed its relationship with the U.S.S.R. "Arise, all people of the world, to topple Imperialist America! To topple Soviet revisionism! To topple the reactionary parties of all nations!" Chinese Propaganda, 1969

15. The Sino-Soviet Split: Border Clashes Border clashes between the U.S.S.R. and China ensued. The clashes were seen as a major threat to the stability of communism. The conflict raised the specter of a major-power war. Diplomacy was resumed between the Soviets and the Chinese, and an end to the border clashes was suggested by the Chinese Premier to Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers in 1969. The Sino-Soviet split served to usher in the era of détente. The Soviets began to recognize the advantages to good relations with the West, particularly in the realm of armaments.

16. Beginning Detente Detente, or a relaxing of Cold War tensions, began to be realized in the late 1960's under Richard Nixon. Early detente began with the signing of two monumental treaties between the West and the Soviet Union. The first treaty in 1967 barred the use of outer space for military purposes, admonishing the placement of weapons in space and declaring celestial bodies for peaceful use. Outer Space Treaty: green= signed and ratified, yellow= signed only

17. Beginning Detente The second treaty was the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons signed on July 1, 1968 and put into effect on March 5, 1970. This treaty served not only as an arms control between the West and the Soviets, it also admonished the free trade of nuclear secrets. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was viewed as both hopeful and advantageous to both the United States and the Soviet Union.

18. Beginning Detente The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) lasted from November of 1969 to May of 1972. The talks, which involved diplomats from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R were groundbreaking in the level of cooperation between the two powers. This photo shows Henry Kissinger, the National Security Advisor under Nixon and Anatoly Dobrynin, the Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. Relations between Dobrynin and past administrations were strained, but the relationship between Kissinger and Dobrynin was amicable.

20. Citations Slide 2: http://images.usatoday.com/life/_photos/2006/01/20/inside-eisenhower-fight.jpg Slide 3: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/speeches/eisenhower001.htmhttp://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/speeches/eisenhower001.htm Slide 4: http://www.redruth.cornwall.sch.uk/content/departments/history/coldwar-rev/coldwar.htm Slide 5: http://www.coldwarfiles.org/images/events/k_k_vienna_main.jpg Slide 6: http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/berlin_wall.htmlhttp://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/berlin_wall.html Slide 7: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=61022&articleTypeId=0 Slide 8: http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/images/mcnamarar_oh.jpg Slide 9: http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/educators/LBJ/tonkin_wq/task.php Slide 10: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.htmlhttp://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.html Slide 11: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.htmlhttp://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.html Slide 12: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.htmlhttp://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.html Slide 13: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change%20--Cronkite.htmlhttp://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change%20--Cronkite.html Slide 14: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1b/325px-Ac.maoposter.jpg Slide 15: http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/15/spotlight/poster.gif Slide 16: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty Slide 17: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0305/ijpe/signing.jpg Slide 18: http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/RN/Page001.htm.http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/RN/Page001.htm.