1. Compounds that have a high percentage of carbon by mass are classified as organic compounds; otherwise they are considered to be inorganic compounds. Inorganic compounds can be molecular or ionic based on the type of bonds that hold the components (elements) together. Inorganic ionic compounds can be classified as acids, bases, or salts depending on their properties. Classifying Inorganic Compounds 8.1 VOCABULARY organic compounds inorganic compounds acids bases salts aqueous acidity pH scale

2. Classifying Inorganic Compounds Salts are substances that release positive ions and negative ions other than H+ and OH- in solution. For example sodium chloride, NaCl Acids are substances that release H+ ions in solution; bases are substances that release OH- ions in solution. Acidity is the measure of the relative amounts of H+ and OH- in a solution and is often measured on a pH scale. 8.1 VOCABULARY organic compounds inorganic compounds acids bases salts aqueous acidity pH scale

3. Another Look at Bonding— Lewis Diagrams 8.2 VOCABULARY Lewis diagram bonding pair electron dot diagram octet rule covalent chemical bond lone electron pairs Lewis diagrams only show valence electrons, which are typically represented by dots around the element’s symbol. Wherever possible, an element's valence electrons are arranged as single electrons before bonding occurs. Single electrons from one element pair with single electrons from other elements to form bonding pairs of electrons. Atoms of elements tend to complete their valence shells similar to the nearest noble gas. This is known as the octet rule. noble gas

4. Organic Compounds 8.3 VOCABULARY organic chemistry structural formulas hydrocarbons Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, and other non-metals, and they have covalent bonds. Simplified Lewis diagrams or structural formulas can be drawn to help visualize organic molecules.

5. Organic Compounds 8.3 VOCABULARY organic chemistry structural formulas hydrocarbons Organic compounds are so numerous that an elaborate classification system is necessary. Families of organic compounds include hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ethers. hydrocarbon alcohol ether

6. Classifying Chemical Compounds All chemical compounds are either organic or inorganic. Compounds that have a high percentage of carbon by mass are classified as organic compounds; otherwise they are considered to be inorganic compounds. Inorganic compounds can be molecular or ionic. They can also be classified as acids, bases, or salts depending on their properties. 8 CHAPTER

7. Classifying Chemical Compounds Lewis diagrams (electron dot) illustrate how molecular compounds form as a result of bonding pairs of electrons. Lewis diagrams only show valence electrons. Atoms of elements have a tendency to achieve complete valence shells similar to their nearest noble gas. This is the octet rule. 8 CHAPTER

8. Classifying Chemical Compounds Organic compounds are molecular and contain carbon and hydrogen. They may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, and other non-metals. Families of organic compounds include hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ethers. 8 CHAPTER

9. Classifying Chemical Compounds Activity Using the information in Tables 1 and 2 on page 203, classify each compound below as an acid, base, or salt based on its properties: 1.HCl: reacts with metals; turns litmus paper red 2.KBr: conducts electric current; chemical indicators do not change colour 3.NH 3 : turns methyl red indicator yellow 4.NaNO 3 : does not react with metals; conducts electric current; phenolphthalein indicator remains colourless 5.HNO 3 : turns indigo carmine from yellow to blue 8 CHAPTER

10. Classifying Chemical Compounds 8 Key Ideas All chemical compounds are either organic or inorganic. Inorganic compounds can be molecular or ionic (acids, bases, or salts). Lewis diagrams (electron dot) can explain how molecular compounds form as a result of bonding pairs of electrons. Organic compounds are molecular and contain carbon and hydrogen. CHAPTER