1. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Companies have to plan and manage their infrastructure needs to gain the greatest returns on their IS investments Chapter 3 - Managing the Information Systems Infrastructure and Services

2. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 The IS Infrastructure Describe how changes in business’ competitive landscape influence changing IS infrastructure needs. Issues Associated with Managing the IS Infrastructure Discuss managerial issues associated with managing an organization’s IS infrastructure. Cloud Computing Describe cloud computing and other current trends that can help an organization address IS infrastructure–related challenges.

3. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 The Is Infrastructure Businesses rely on an information systems infrastructure – Hardware – System software – Storage – Networking – Data Centers

4. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 IS Infrastructure Components: Hardware – Computer Types Computer TypeSimultaneous Users Typical UseTypical Cost (US$) SupercomputerOne to ManyScientific Research$1m to $20m Mainframe1,000+Transaction Processing, Enterprise Applications $500k to $10m Server10,000+Providing access to databases, applications, and files; Web site hosting 300 to $50k WorkstationTypically oneEngineering, Medical, Graphical Design $750 to $100k Personal Computer OnePersonal Productivity$200 to $5000

5. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 IS Infrastructure Components: System Software Controls computer hardware operations Operating Systems – Examples: Windows, OS X, Linux – Manages hard drives and storage – Manages keyboard, mouse, monitor, & printers – Coordinates application access to computing resources

6. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 IS Infrastructure Components: Networking

7. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 IS Infrastructure Components: Servers, Clients, and Peers Servers – Host (serve up) Data, Databases, Files, Applications, Web Sites, Video, and other content for access over the network Clients – Consume hosted resources Peers – Serve and Consume resources, both a Server and a Client interacting with similar computers

8. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 IS Infrastructure Components: Types of Computer Networks TypeUsageSize Private branch exchange (PBX) Telephone system serving a Particular location Within a business Personal area network (PAN) Wireless communication between devices (Bluetooth) Under 10 meters Local area network (LAN) Sharing of data, software applications, other resources Between several users Typically a building Campus area network (CAN) Connect multiple LANs, used by single organization Spanning multiple buildings Metropolitan area network (MAN) Connect multiple LANsLarger than LAN or CAN, such as the area of a city Wide area network (WAN) Connect multiple LANs, distributed ownership and management Large physical distance, up to worldwide

9. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 The Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) The Internet is one of several Global Networks – The Internet has standard protocols – The Internet is based on Internetworking, or combining networks to form larger networks The World Wide Web uses the Internet – The World Wide Web is not the Internet – The World Wide Web is WWW protocols (ex: HTML & WWW URLs) WWW Documents (e.g.: Web Pages) WWW Domain Servers (translate URLs into IP addresses) WWW Browsers

10. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 The Internet and the World Wide Web: Web Domain Names and Addresses The Internet uses IP Addresses – IPV4: Old style, running out of addresses – IPV6: New style, huge address space The WWW uses Domain Names – Ex: www.google.comwww.google.com Google is the host name.com is the suffix The WWW translates Domain Names into IP Addresses – www.arizona.edu translates to (IPV4) 128.196.134.37 www.arizona.edu

11. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 The Internet and the World Wide Web: World Wide Web Architecture Components – Interconnected Web Servers – Utilize Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – Communicate over the Internet Clients request Web page hosted on server Server break into packets Packets stream over internet to Client Client reassembles Client can request retransmission of any missing packets Web browser translate Web page into visible output

12. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Demand Fluctuations Many companies face demand fluctuations – Seasonal Fluctuations (e.g., Christmas) – Monthly Fluctuations (Month-end spikes) Demand fluctuations create inefficiencies – Some estimate up to 70% of IS capacity only used 20% of the time – IS infrastructure is typically not readily scalable Changing internal capacity takes time Cloud computing (next section) may be the answer

13. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 What Is Cloud Computing? Cloud Computing is a way to allocate resources much like a utility sells power – Resources are used “on-demand”, as needed – Customers only pay for what they consume – Resources can be rapidly allocated and reallocated – Consumption becomes an operating expense – % Utilization and Efficiency increase dramatically

14. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Why Cloud Computing? The efficiency benefits are tremendous – Different customers have different demand spikes – Large data centers have economies of scale Purchasing, deploying, and managing technology Implementing green cooling technologies Flexibly reallocating resources Customers can focus on core operations – Infrastructure can be consumed as needed – Scalability no longer a limiting factor

15. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Cloud Computing Service Models Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS)

16. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Public and Private Clouds

17. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Advanced Cloud Applications Grid Computing – Microprocessors – Networked computers – Large problems that can be decomposed Edge Computing – Servers at the edges of networks – Close to clients – Enhanced performance

18. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Convergence of Computing and Telecommunications

19. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Green Computing Driving forces – Power Bills – Reputation – Culture Approaches – Virtualizing servers – Cloud computing – Power management software – Reduced printing – Retiring obsolete hardware responsibly

20. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Linux: Operating System Linux is developed collaboratively, meaning no one company is solely responsible for its development or ongoing support. This spreading of development burden amongst individuals and companies has resulted in a large and efficient ecosystem and unheralded software innovation. http://www.linux.com/learn/new-user-guides/376-linux-is-everywhere-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system

21. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Linux: Where is it used? http://www.linux.com/learn/new-user-guides/376-linux-is-everywhere-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system

22. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Assembly Language An assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device.

23. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Middleware A computer software that provides services to software applications beyond those available from the operating system. It can be described as "software glue".[Middleware makes it easier for software developers to perform communication and input/output, so they can focus on the specific purpose of their application.

24. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Data Buffer A Data Buffer is a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another.

25. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Firewall A firewall is a software or hardware-based network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether they should be allowed through or not.

26. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 IP Convergence IP convergence refers to the capability of the Internet to act as a single foundation for various functions. IP convergence allows companies to create a more mobile workforce. A VPN helps maintain corporate security by separating business traffic from other Internet traffic -- Remote employees can use the Internet to access everything from corporate files to voicemail messages. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-convergence1.htm