1. CECS 474 Computer Network Interoperability Notes for Douglas E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets (5 th Edition) Tracy Bradley Maples, Ph.D. Computer Engineering & Computer Science California State University, Long Beach

2. The Transport Layer GOAL: The Transport Layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts. Transport protocols run in the end systems (end-to-end) The sending side breaks application messages into segments and passes them down to the Network layer The receiving side reassembles the segments into messages and passes them up to the Application layer NOTE: The Network Layer provides logical communication between hosts. The Transport Layer provides logical communication between processes.

3. Transport Layer Protocols Two Transport Protocols are available for Applications to use on the Internet: 1.UDP 2.TCP UDP (User Datagram Protocol) Provides: Unreliable, unordered delivery of segments. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Provides: Reliable, in-order delivery of segments. TCP includes: Connection set-up (3-way handshake) Flow Control Congestion Control NOTE: Neither protocol provides: Delay guarantees Bandwidth guarantees

4. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP is: A “no frills,” “bare bones” Internet Transport protocol Provides “best effort” service UDP segments may be:  lost  delivered out of order to application Connectionless UDP:  has no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver  each UDP segment handled independently of others

5. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) (cont’d) Since UDP provides so few services, why is there a UDP? 1.UDP has no connection establishment => So it has lower delay It is simple (no connection state is need at sender, receiver) It has a small segment header 2.UDP has no congestion control => UDP can blast away as fast as desired Uses of UDP: It is often used for streaming multimedia apps, because UDP is:  loss tolerant  rate sensitive UDP is also used in:  DNS  SNMP

6. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP characteristics: point-to-point connections  one sender, one receiver full duplex data:  bi-directional data flow in same connection reliable, in-order byte steam transmission  with no “message boundaries” between bytes pipelined transmission  multiple segments are sent at the same time  Maximum segments sent simultaneously = TCP congestion/flow control window size  send & receive buffers at sender and receiver connection-oriented:  handshaking occurs between the sender, receiver before data exchange Uses flow control:  The sender will not overwhelm receiver’s buffer

7. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) (cont’d) Conceptual View Figure from Kurose & Ross, Networking: A Top Down Approach

8. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) (cont’d) TCP creates reliable data service on top of IP’s (Layer 3’s) unreliable delivery service. To make transmission reliable, TCP uses: pipelined transmission of segments send & receive buffers at sender and receiver ACKs (Acknowledgement) messages sent when segments are received correctly A retransmission timer  The time will expire if an ACK is not received during the specified time Retransmissions of segments occur whenever the timer expires. NOTE: We are skipping the “messy” details of Reliable data transmission!

9. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) (cont’d) Important: When an Application sends a message down the protocol stack, it selects whether TCP or UDP should be used for the transmission: