1. Engine theory
Red = on unit test

2. Cylinder arrangement - Inline

3. Cylinder arrangement – V

4. Gasoline engine cylinder arrangement - Horizontally opposed

5. Engine Parts
Many parts must work together for the engine to run properly.
The parts listed below are major engine parts you will need to know on your unit test.
1.Cylinder Block Valves
2. Cylinder head Valve spring
3. Crankshaft Piston
4. Camshaft Connecting rod
5. Timing chain Piston rings
6. Bearing shell cylinder sleeve
7. Oil pump Intake manifold
8. Water pump Exhaust manifold
9. Flywheel Rocker arm

6. Engine Block Typically made of cast iron or aluminum.
Cast with hollow areas for coolant.
Oil passages often cast & machined into block.
Forms the foundation of the engine ( all parts attach to block in some way.

7. Pouring molten aluminum into a mold to cast an engine block

8. Aluminum V-8 cylinder Block.

9. Cylinder block
Aluminum V-6 Cylinder Block.

10. Crankshaft, Connecting rod & Piston Change reciprocating motion to rotary motion.
Piston & connecting rod
It takes two complete revolutions of the
Crankshaft to complete the four stroke cycle
Crankshaft
Cast or forged iron.

11. Bearings support Crankshaft & connecting rods

12. Cylinder head Seals off top of cylinder block
Has spark plug & combustion chamber.
Made of Aluminum or cast iron
Contains valve train
Has coolant & oil passages.

13. 4 valve per cylinder - Cylinder Head

14. Renault F1 New Engine - Google Video

15. Four cycles (strokes) Typical ignition timing:
Know piston direction in each stroke
& which valves are open.
About 4 degrees BTDC

17. Crankshaft – Camshaft ratio is always 2 - 1

18. Camshaft Camshaft opens the valves Cam & lifters in block Cam lobe
*Driven at 2 to 1 ratio off crank shaft

19. Timing chain
Engines may use a timing chain, timing gears or a toothed belt to synchronize the crankshaft and camshaft (s).

20. Valves allow Air/fuel or exhaust in/out of the combustion chamber.
Valve spring closes valve.
Valves & valve springs
Intake valve is always larger.

21. Over head camshaft engine
Intake manifold
valve
piston
con - rod
crankshaft
cat
oil pan

22. Rocker arm Rocker arm changes direction of motion
Transfers motion of cam to over head
Valves.

23. PISTON & Rings must seal compression & keep oil out of combustion chamber.
Piston shape affects compression ratio – typical ratio about 9 to 1

24. Oil pump pressurizes oil for use through the engine

25. Water pump Circulates coolant from engine to radiator & back to cool engine

26. Intake Manifold Provides a path or runner for air to enter engine.

27. Exhaust Provides a path for hot exhaust to leave engine.
Exhaust manifold ( cast iron )
Exhaust Header Fabricated tubing

29. Flywheel Used to smooth engine operation & transfer power to the clutch disk.
Flywheel - cast iron – 40 lbs

30. Basic engine parts
Can you identify these parts?

31. HEMI

32. f1 engines - Google Video

33. Turbo charging Turbo charger – cut away
Turbo charging uses an exhaust driven compressor to force air into the engine. The more exhaust the more “boost” and the more air that can be pushed into the engine.
Compressing air will cause it to become hot – not good for horse power – so an intercooler ( air to air radiator) is often used to cool the air after the turbo has compressed it.
Turbochargers increase the efficiency of any engine – because the power is essentially free.
Turbo charger – cut away

34. Supercharging Positive displacement supercharger
A super charger is a type of compressor - typically belt driven by the engine that is used to push more air into the cylinder during the intake stroke.
Because superchargers depend on engine power to turn - they are not as efficient as a turbocharger .
Superchargers will make “boost” from very low engine speeds.
Superchargers can also be intercooled.
Positive displacement supercharger

35. Nitrous oxide A Nitrous Kit
Nitrous Oxide is a way to chemically add more oxygen to the incoming air / fuel mixture .
Nitrous is most commonly used to boost performance of gasoline engines & infact was developed during wwII.
More Fuel will also need to be added to keep the A/F ratio from leaning out & damaging the engine.
The basic parts of a “NOS” system are: Nos storage bottle, delivery lines, Solenoid valves & injection nozzle (s) .
The more nitrous that is used the more likely engine damage will occure.
A Nitrous Kit

36. Diesel Diesel injector
Diesel engines use a fuel much less refined than gasoline. Diesel is thicker & more oil like than gasoline. Importantly, It also has a much higher ignition point.
Diesel engines have no spark plugs. The timing of Ignition event is controlled by when the diesel is injected into the combustion chamber. ( all diesel engines use direct injection.)
As the molecules of air in the cylinder are squeezed they become hot - (Diesel’s use twice the compression as a gasoline engine) The instant the diesel fuel is squirted into the combustion chamber – combustion takes place.
Diesel engines are called :
“compression Ignition engines”
Diesel injector

37. Bio fuel A small Bio – Diesel refinery
Bio fuel is fuel made from materials growing in our environment.
Both Gasoline compatible & more commonly Diesel compatible fuels are made using everything from corn & cooking oil to algae & plant matter.
Bio fuels often burn cleaner & have the potential to help the united states dependency on foreign oil.
Many people are attempting to produce enough Bio diesel fuel to offset the high cost of Diesel around the world.
A small Bio – Diesel refinery

38. Hybrid vehicle
Small gas / Diesel engine & Battery /electric motor powers vehicle.
When working on a Hybrid – be aware of high voltage areas marked with orange (144 – 650 v ) , yellow – up to 42 volt.
Use electrical gloves & special glasses when working around high voltage – one hand rule.

39. Hybrid vehicle
Battery pack

40. Hybrid power train

41. (Hydrogen) Fuel cell vehicle

42. Wankle (rotory) Engine

43. Good luck on your unit Test!!
Advanced dash diving