1. 21 Sc Scandium 45 53 I Iodine 127 10 Ne Neon 20 58 Ce Cerium 140 …is a method of obtaining knowledge about the world through observation and experimentation. Science uses testable explanations and makes predictions about the universe.

2. Time to Spend Studying by Course

3. Hierarchy of Science Logic and MathematicsPhysics and Chemistry BiologicalEcologyCellularBiochemistryMolecularEarth ScienceAstronomyMeteorologyGeologyOceanography A knowledge of physics and chemistry makes other sciences easier!

4. “But that’s just a theory…” “Science has Proven…”

5. Batman, evolution is just a theory… A scientific theory is very well evidenced you idiot!

6. Aristotle (384-322B.C.) claimed that an object that was twice as heavy as another object would fall twice as fast. This HYPOTHESIS is testable but apparently it never dawned on Aristotle to conduct an experiment. 2lbs 1lb Galileo (1564-1642) conducted experiments where he rolled balls of different masses down inclined planes. The results conclusive showed that objects fall at equal rates regardless of their weight. Galileo also dropped objects of different masses off the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The result: they hit at the same time regardless of their mass difference. Aristotle had monumental authority as a great thinker in antiquity and his hypothesis was accepted by many for nearly 2000 years until Galileo tested it. In science, experimentation and data trumps everything.

7. Metric System and Units Metric System is based upon powers of 10.

8. SI vs English Units Unit Name and Symbol Murica What does it measure? Meter| KilometerFeet | MilesLength Gram | KilogramOunce | PoundMass SecondSecondsTime Kelvin or CelsiusFahrenheitTemperature

9. Converting Units is Important Countries in Red have not adopted the SI system of measurement. 1.Nasa MCO 2.Gimli Glider 3.Overpriced Rice 4.Medication 1.Nasa MCO 2.Gimli Glider 3.Overpriced Rice 4.Medication Stoichiometry!

10. Base, Derived and Special Units! What is the difference?

11. 7 BASE SI Units Unit Name and Symbol Dimension Symbol What does it measure? Meter (m)L Kilogram (kg)M Second (s)T Ampere (A)I Kelvin (K)Θ Mole (mol) N Candela (cd)J

12. 7 BASE SI Units Unit Name and Symbol Dimension Symbol What does it measure? Meter (m)LLength Kilogram (kg)MMass Second (s)TTime Ampere (A)IElectric Current Kelvin (K)ΘTemperature Mole (mol) NAmount of substance Candela (cd)JLuminous Intensity

13. Other units are DERIVED units Meters/Second Miles/Hour Feet/Second Energy = joules 1 Joule = kg  m 2 /s 2 Feet/Second g/cm 3 m/kg 3

14. Some Units Get Special Names Scientists are Lazy! A NEWTON is the force required to accelerate a one kilogram object at a rate of one meter per second squared. Instead of writing (kg)(m)/(s 2 ) physicists just use Newton (N) instead. Thus 1N = 1(kg)(m)/(s 2 )

15. Pressure = Force/Area Force = (kg)(m)/(s 2 ) Area = m 2 Units for pressure = 1 Pascal =

16. Units on One side of an Equation must equal the units on the other Meters/Second Miles/Hour Feet/Second Energy = joules 1 Joule = kg  m/s 2 Feet/Second g/cm 3 m/kg 3

17. Units on One side of an Equation must equal the units on the other in order to be dimensionally correct! This formula is saying a measure of length divided by some measure of time is equal to half of a mass squared. Is this valid? Speed in miles/hour = a distance (miles) divided by a time (hours). This is valid.

18. Metric Mania How many feet long is the room? Who tells a ruler how long to be? The Royal Foot vs Standard Foot We need a standardized system.

19. What Ruler Measures Rulers? 1ft = 12in

20. m-k-s system A Meter is defined by the speed of light. A meter is defined as the length light will travel in 1/299792458 of a second. A kilogram measures mass and it is equal to an international prototype. Meaning there is an object in a museum that was arbitrarily chosen to have a mass of 1kg. All other masses (including pounds, grams, etc.) and weight are based upon this object. A second is defined as the duration of 9,192631770 periods of the radiation of a cesium atom between two hyperfine levels of the ground state cesium-133 atom. Img via BIPMBIPM

21. Conversion is Easier Three Yards into Feet 3 goes to 36 We have a new number. Three Meters into Centimeters 3 goes to 300 Decimal moves two places Just moves the decimal to left or right. Much more convenient especially when dealing with the very large and small numbers of science.

22. Conversion is Easier 5 miles into feet 5 kilometers into meters Metric System is a Base 10 system (think Scientific Notation!) where decimals move.

23. LADDER METHOD Decimal moves to the right. Decimal moves to the left.

24. Kilo 1000 units Kilo 1000 units BASE 1 unit BASE 1 unit Hecto 100 units Hecto 100 units Deka 10 units Deka 10 units Deci 0.1 units Deci 0.1 units Centi 0.01 units Centi 0.01 units Milli 0.001 units Milli 0.001 units Decimal moves to the right. Decimal moves to the left. 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1

25. Conversions: 155cm  m 25km  m 2km  cm 3,400mL  L 3.4L  mL 256g  kg 45kg  g KING HENRY DIED BY DRINKING CHOCOLATE MILK Base Units: Meter Liter Gram Second

26. tera giga mega pico nano micr o milli deci centi Base Deka Hecto Kilo 10 1 10 3 10 2 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 1 Unit 1,000,000 Units 1,000,000,000 Units 1,000,000,000,000 Units 0.01 Units 100 Units 10 Units 0.1 Units 0.001 Units 0.000001 Units 0.000000001 Units 0.000000000001 Units 1,000 Units Decimal moves to the right. Decimal moves to the left. Tera = T Giga = G Mega = M Kilo = k Hecto = h Deka = da Tera = T Giga = G Mega = M Kilo = k Hecto = h Deka = da Deci = d Centi = c Milli = m Micro = μ Nano = n Pico = p Deci = d Centi = c Milli = m Micro = μ Nano = n Pico = p Meter Liter Gram Second Base Units:

27. Assignment What is the difference between base, derived and special units? Provide two examples of each? Do not use the special units covered in this presentation. Why is a standard international set of units helpful and necessary in science? Should the United States Adopt the Si system of measurement? What changes would this entail? How much would it cost? Convert the Following Units using the stair step method: 360cm  _____m 2345mm  _____m 25m  _____km 2,345cm  _____da 400mL  _____L 2L  _____mL 234dL  _____mL 13kL  _____ L 934g  _____kg 2.3kg  _____g 445mg  _____g 0.4kg  _____g Compare using or = to. 56cm 6m 7g 698mg 1500mL 1.5L 1500mL 1.5L 43mg 6g 36cm 0.36m 3,445mL 3.5L 5kg 500g The ceiling in Mr. O’Connell’s living room is 2.4 m high. He has installed a new hanging lamp that hangs down 61 cm. He is approximately.175dekameters tall. Will he hit his head on the hanging lamp? Draw a sketch and show your work!

28. Rules for Converting Units 1.Units cancel in division. 2.Units combine in multiplication. 3.Units stay the same in addition and subtraction. 1.Units cancel in division. 2.Units combine in multiplication. 3.Units stay the same in addition and subtraction.

29. What is a Conversion Factor? 1. A ratio written in fraction form that can express the same value or quantity in two different units. 2.Conversion Factors are going to essentially equal one. 3.Any number multiplied by one does not change. 1. A ratio written in fraction form that can express the same value or quantity in two different units. 2.Conversion Factors are going to essentially equal one. 3.Any number multiplied by one does not change.

30. How many inches are there in 50 feet? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem.

31. How many inches are there in 50 feet? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem. x ft = 50 ft in 12 1 600

32. How many feet is 744 inches? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem.

33. How many feet is 744 inches? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem. in 744

34. How many feet is 744 inches? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem. x in 744

35. How many feet is 744 inches? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem. x in = 744 in ft

36. How many feet is 744 inches? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem. x in = 744 in ft 12 1

37. How many feet is 744 inches? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem. x in = 744 in ft 12 1 62

38. Basic Template x = Unit you want to change Unit you are changing into Conversion Factor

39. How many seconds are 3 hours? 1.Start with the unit you want to change. 2.Multiply it by a blank fraction. 3.The unit you want to change goes in the denominator. 4.The unit you want to convert into goes into the numerator and answer. 5.Insert the values for your conversion factor. 6.Solve the problem.

40. How many seconds are there in a day?

42. Convert 60mi/hr into m/s! 1 mile = 1.609km.

44. CONVERSION PROBLEM OF THE DAY: If someone were to drink 18 cans of Guinness at 14.9 Fl.Oz. per can and there are 130 calories per 12oz, how many calories did that person drink?

46. Which one is the better deal? How much do you pay for one pad in each case?

47. If Mr. Sapone eats a whole bag of Doritos, how many calories will he consume? How much does one Dorito cost? How many calories are there in one Dorito? If Mr. Sapone eats a whole bag of Doritos, how many calories will he consume? How much does one Dorito cost? How many calories are there in one Dorito?

48. If one fruit by the foot roll is 3 feet long, how much does 4 feet of Fruit by the Foot cost?

49. Unit Conversions 1. On the planet Shnoidia, everyone earns 80 Quatloos a day. One Zerumba (a favorite food item) costs 7 Quatloos. How many Zerumba’s can be purchased if someone works for 3 days? 2.A clock goes from 1:15pm to 12:30am, how many seconds went by? 3.A shark swims 35 ft/s. Express this speed in mi/hr assuming 1 mile is 5,280 feet. 4. There are 3 teaspoons in a tablespoon, 16 tablespoons in a cup and 16 cups in a gallon. How many teaspoons are in a gallon? 5. Eggs are shipped from the farm to market by truck. They are packed 12 eggs to a carton and 20 cartons to a box. Four boxes are placed in each crate. Crates are stacked on a truck 3 crates wide, 3 crates deep and 2 crates high. How many eggs are on the truck? 6.If your heart beats 72 times per minute, how many times does your heart beat in a day. 7.How many hours are there in 5 and a half weeks? 8.The new hybrid cars get 65 miles per gallon. How many miles can you drive on 5 gallons of gas? 9.How many nickels are in 126 dollars? 10.On your 18th birthday, how many minutes will you have lived? 11.A single rain drop is made up of about one million cloud droplets. How many cloud droplets make up 150 rain drops? 12.How much does 1 Hershey’s kiss cost assuming a bag costs $4.99 and the label tells you the following information: Serving Size 9 pieces Servings per container 13 Calories per serving 200 13.How many calories are in the whole bag?

50. What is it, why do we need it and how do we do it.

51. How long would it take to count to one million? How many atoms are in one cup of water? What is the mass of the earth in grams? What is the rest mass of a single electron?

52. 23 days. It might not seem like it but a million is a big number but small when compared to other much larger numbers in science.

53. 24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 One glass of water has that many atoms in it. That is more atoms than there are cups of water in all the oceans.

54. 24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 One glass of water has that many atoms in it. That is more atoms than there are cups of water in all the oceans. sextillion septillion quintillion quadrillion trillion billion million thousand hundred

55. 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000g The mass of the earth!

56. The rest mass of a single electron! 0.000000000000000000000000000000911kg

57. Which number is easier to use? 0.000000000000000000000000000000911kg or 9.11x10 -31 kg 24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000g or 2.4 x10 25 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000g or 6 x10 27

58. Calculating the force of gravity the sun exerts on the earth. Multiplication and Division are easier!

59. An abbreviation for very large and very small numbers in science.

60. 1a) Identify five objects smaller than the eye can see. 1b) Briefly Describe what the object is. 1c) Express its size in scientific and standard notation. 2a) Find five objects bigger than the sun. 2b) Briefly Describe what the object is. 2c) Express its size in scientific and standard notation. 3) Is the sun a large object on astronomical scales? 4) What is scientific notation and why do we use it? Click the Picture of a Link, if that is Down Click Here.Here

61. Order of Magnitude: Using the scale of the universe app, what order of magnitude do the following objects have in meters? Express them in scientific notation and include a fact about them. A Human Being Titanic Boeing 747 Hummingbird Mitochondrion A Blue Whale Angel Falls Tyrannosaurus Rex String Up Quark Water Molecule Mount Everest Ant Ganymede Proxima Centauri Observable Universe Total Human Height Sirius A Kuiper Belt Gomez’s Hamburger Glucose Tarantula Nebula Andromeda Galaxy A Light Year ESTIMATE Height of School Telephone Pole Length of CT Distance of US Length of Mall Height of Holy Land Diameter of Golf Ball Length of Pencil Thickness of Paper The Number of Golf balls that could fit: On a school bus. In a suitcase In our classroom In a bathtub BINGO! Guess How Many Jelly Beans are in the Jar and Win it!

62. Some number written in the form A x 10 B one non-zero number to the left of a decimal point. Move decimals left or right and count the spaces. Moving Left = positive exponent (big numbers) Moving right = negative exponent (small numbers) Some number written in the form A x 10 B one non-zero number to the left of a decimal point. Move decimals left or right and count the spaces. Moving Left = positive exponent (big numbers) Moving right = negative exponent (small numbers) Multiplying or Dividing a number by 10 ONLY moves the decimal point! 100 1000 24,000 365,445 2 0.001 0.000001 0.0000904 5.03 x 10 6 4.3x10 -8 100 1000 24,000 365,445 2 0.001 0.000001 0.0000904 5.03 x 10 6 4.3x10 -8 1.Where is the decimal? 2.Where do I want it? 3.How far did I move it? 4.Negative or Positive?

63. 1234 1,020,000 18,300 54,234,012 4 million 0.00109 0.0000000034 0.0000904 1/10 12 thousandth 2.345x10 9 3.03 x 10 8 2.1x10 -6 9x10 -31 1234 1,020,000 18,300 54,234,012 4 million 0.00109 0.0000000034 0.0000904 1/10 12 thousandth 2.345x10 9 3.03 x 10 8 2.1x10 -6 9x10 -31 Convert to Scientific Notation Convert to Standard Notation

64. Rule 1 Example

65. Rule 1 Example Multiply the leading numbers and add the exponents!

66. Calculating the force of gravity the sun exerts on the earth. 6.67 x 1.9891 x 5.97219 x 10 (-11 + 30 + 24) 1.496 x 1.496 x 10 (11+11)

67. (3x10 8 ) x (6x10 1 ) = (2.235x10 8 ) x (6.453x10 1 ) =

68. Rule 2 Example

69. Rule 2 Example Divide the leading numbers and subtract the exponents!

70. (8x10 8 ) (4x10 1 ) = (3x10 4 ) (6x10 7 ) =

72. Exponent Rules Proof from Rule 1:

73. Example

74. (2x10 2 ) + (4x10 1 ) = (2.5x10 4 ) + (4.4x10 3 ) = Convert to same power. Keep the exponent. Add the leading numbers Convert to same power. Keep the exponent. Add the leading numbers

75. (4.45x10 9 ) x (3.43x10 0 ) = (2.5x10 5 ) x (3x10 6 ) = (4x10 13 ) x (3x10 2 ) = (2x10 4 ) x (3.5x10 2 ) = (2.5x10 4 ) - (4.4x10 3 ) = (2x10 2 ) - (4x10 1 ) = (3.6x10 5 ) + (4x10 6 ) = Convert to same power. Keep the exponent. Add the leading numbers Convert to same power. Keep the exponent. Add the leading numbers Multiplying Multiply the Leading numbers Add the Exponents Multiply the Leading numbers Add the Exponents Divide the Leading numbers Subtract the Exponents Divide the Leading numbers Subtract the Exponents Dividing Adding and Subtracting (9x10 6 ) (3x10 4 ) (9.34x10 6 ) (3.85x10 4 ) (4x10 4 ) (8x10 6 ) (12x10 6 ) (3x10 7 ) = = = =