1. Liquid Crystals A Unique State of Matter Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008

2. Solid or Crystal State

3. Liquid Crystal State

4. Liquid Crystal Ordering Single Molecules Attractive Forces Hold Molecules in Line Each line of molecules can slide past each other

5. Normal Liquid State

6. Solid Liquid Crystal Liquid Heat Cool Changes from One State to Another A Completely Reversible Physical Change

7. Liquid Crystal Molecule Licristal K-18 made by E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany

8. Liquid Crystals under a Microscope Scanning Tunneling Microscope photo of a liquid crystal mixture 100 x 100 Angstrom Units Molecular model of the mixture Source: Frommer, J., Liquid Crystals Today, 3 (2) 1993; Photos taken at IBM Almaden Research Center

9. Observing the Liquid Crystal State Heat Cool Solid (Crystals) Liquid Crystal (Opaque) Clear Liquid A Completely Reversible Physical Change

10. Phase Change Diagram For K-18 Liquid Crystal

11. Drop of Liquid Crystal on Glass

12. Thin Layer of Liquid Crystal in Nematic (Thread-like) Phase

13. Motion of Liquid Crystals in Electric Fields

14. Liquid Crystals Uses Displays for Electronic Products Displays for Electronic Products -Computers -Television -Cell Phones -iPODs -Clocks and watches -Instrument gauges -Thermometers Temperature Sensors Temperature Sensors Biological Research Biological Research Chemical Structure Analysis Chemical Structure Analysis

15. Liquid Crystals Displays (LCDs) Why Liquid Crystals? Why Liquid Crystals? -Very Low Power Consumption -Low Voltage Operation -Very Thin Display -Compatible with Digital Electronics -Can be made in many different sizes

16. First Liquid Crystal Display 1967 – RCA Laboratories

17. First Watches to use LCDs 19701972

18. First LCD Computer Displays 8 x 3-inch Screens1983

19. First LCD Color Television 2-inch diagonal screen -1983

20. Simple Version of Liquid Crystal TV Display Assembly

21. Cross-section of One Picture Element In Color Liquid Crystal TV Display

22. Increasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions

23. 45-inch screen Sharp - 2000 52-inch screen LG.Philips - 2003

24. Increasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions 82-inch screen Samsung – 2005

25. Increasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions 100-inch screen LG.Philips – 2006