1. Based on presentations given by Juliana (Brooks) Mortenson at:
● Spring 2009 Meeting of the American Physical Society (NES), May 8, 2009, Boston MA
● SPIE Optics and Photonics, The Nature of Light: What are Photons? III, August 3-4, 2009, San Diego, CA
● Materials Science and Technology 2009 Conference and Exhibition, October , 2009, Pittsburgh PA
● April Meeting of the American Physical Society, February 13-17, 2010, Washington, D.C.

2. Einstein’s Hidden Variables
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Planck’s Energy Constant
The Historical Record
The Hidden Time Variable

3. Planck’s Famous Quantum Paper
Introduction
Planck’s Famous Quantum Paper
Quantum Resonance
Hypothesis Hypothesis
E = h v
Quantum formula
EM = kB T
Thermodynamic formula
On the Law of Distribution of Energy
in the Normal Spectrum. Planck, M.,
Annalen der Physik, V 4, p. 553, 1901.

4. Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
“The simplest conception is that a light
quantum transfers its entire energy
to a single electron…”
“We have to assume that, in ionization of a gas by ultraviolet light, one energy quantum of light serves to ionize one gas molecule.”
Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden
heuristischen Gesichtspunkt. Einstein A., Annalen der Physik, Vol 17, p 132, 1905. 4

5. We believe, however, that such a theory is possible”
Introduction
The Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen paper
The EPR Paper
“The description of reality as given by a wave function is not complete…
We believe, however, that such a theory is possible”
A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen,
Can a quantum-mechanical description of
physical reality be considered complete?
Phys. Rev (1935).

6. Introduction David Bohm Bell’s Theorem
The explicate vs. the implicate order
D. Bohm. Wholeness and the Implicate Order.
Routledge Classics, New York, 1980.
D. Bohm & B. J. Hiley. The Undivided Universe.
Routledge, New York, 1993
Bell’s Theorem
A Local Realistic interpretation
of Quantum mechanics is impossible.
J. S. Bell, On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics 1, (1964)

7. Introduction SPIE Photonics East,1-3 October 2006
“The failure of the superstring theory program can be traced to its lack of any fundamental new symmetry principle. … theorists [must] turn … away from this failed program and toward the difficult task of better understanding the symmetries of the natural world.”
Not Even Wrong. Woit, P., Basic Books, New York, 2006
“…the truth lies in a direction
that requires a radical rethinking
of our basic ideas about space,
time and the quantum world.”
The Trouble with Physics, Smolin L.,
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 2006
“paradoxes … arise with
the assumption that photons
are indivisible elementary
particles...”
SPIE Photonics East,1-3 October 2006
Advanced Photon Counting Techniques
(SPIE Vol. 6372, paper no. 29)

8. Introduction

9. Hidden Variables

10. Quantum formula (hidden time variable and energy constant)
Thermodynamic formula (hidden resonance variable)

11. The Ripple Effect in Quantum Mechanics
VARIABLES CONSTANTS PARTICLES PARADOXES AND PRINCIPLES
tm h light Uncertainty
rf m Wave/particle
c ρ Wave Equation
Resonance Hypothesis
Speeds of Light
SYMMETRIES Mass Of Light
TimeSpace Conservation of Energy, Mass
& Momentum

12. The Ripple Effect in Quantum Mechanics
VARIABLES CONSTANTS PARTICLES PARADOXES AND PRINCIPLES
tm h light Uncertainty
rf m Wave/particle
c ρ Wave Equation
Resonance Hypothesis
Speeds of Light
SYMMETRIES Mass Of Light
TimeSpace Conservation of Energy, Mass
& Momentum

13. The Ripple Effect in Quantum Mechanics
VARIABLES CONSTANTS PARTICLES PARADOXES AND PRINCIPLES
tm h light Uncertainty
rf m Wave/particle
c ρ Wave Equation
Resonance Hypothesis
Speeds of Light
SYMMETRIES Mass Of Light
TimeSpace Conservation of Energy, Mass
& Momentum

14. The Ripple Effect in Quantum Mechanics
VARIABLES CONSTANTS PARTICLES PARADOXES AND PRINCIPLES
tm h light Uncertainty
rf m Wave/particle
c ρ Wave Equation
Resonance Hypothesis
Speeds of Light
SYMMETRIES Mass Of Light
TimeSpace Conservation of Energy, Mass
& Momentum

15. The Ripple Effect in Quantum Mechanics
VARIABLES CONSTANTS PARTICLES PARADOXES AND PRINCIPLES
tm h light Uncertainty
rf m Wave/particle
c ρ Wave Equation
Resonance Hypothesis
Speeds of Light
SYMMETRIES Mass Of Light
TimeSpace Conservation of Energy, Mass
& Momentum

16. The Ripple Effect in Quantum Mechanics
VARIABLES CONSTANTS PARTICLES PARADOXES AND PRINCIPLES
tm h light Uncertainty
rf m Wave/particle
c ρ Wave Equation
Resonance Hypothesis
Speeds of Light
SYMMETRIES Mass Of Light
TimeSpace Conservation of Energy, Mass
& Momentum