1. Understanding Growth & Development 1

2. Reproduction Strategies One characteristic of all living things is the ability to reproduce It allows genes for common traits to pass from one generation to the next This ensures the survival of the species 2

3. Reproduction Strategies, cont. Two main categories of reproductive strategies: 1.Asexual 2.Sexual Many species use only one strategy Some species are able to use both strategies depending on availability of partners or environmental conditions 3

4. Reproduction Strategies, cont. Methods of asexual reproduction: 1.Binary fission – bacteria 2.Budding – yeast & hydra 3.Mitosis – single celled eukaryotes Advantages: 1.One organism can increase a population 2.Energy is not used making sex cells 3.No need to search for mates Disadvantage: No genetic diversity; one dies, they all die!!! 4

5. Reproduction Strategies, cont. Methods of sexual reproduction: 1.External fertilization (sperm and egg have to make contact in body of water) – fish & frogs 2.Internal fertilization (implantation of male gamete in moist environment of female) – plants, birds, reptiles & most mammals Advantage: genetic diversity Disadvantage: requires a mate 5

6. Formation of Gametes Gametes – sex cells; sperm or egg (ovum) Diploid (2n) cell – cell with complete set of chromosomes - All body cells are diploid Haploid (n) – cell with half the genetic material of parent cell - Gametes are haploid - Meiosis: creation of haploid cells from diploid cells 6

7. Meiosis The creation of haploid cells requires 2 cycles of division: 1.Meiosis I – genetic recombination 2.Meiosis II – reduction division Somatic (body) cells do not undergo meiosis As in mitosis, meiosis is preceded by interphase and DNA replication 7

8. Meiosis I Prophase 1: Step 1- Matching (homologous) chromosomes pair up with each other to form a tetrad 8

9. Meiosis I, cont. Prophase I: Step 2- Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information with each other – this is called “crossing over” 9

10. Meiosis I, cont. The cell goes through Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase I At the end of Telophase I/Cytokinesis I, there are two new cells that are still diploid (2n) The genetic material has been recombined, so the new cells are no longer identical to the parent cell 10

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12. Meiosis II From Cytokinesis I, the cells immediately go through P M A T (II) At the end of Cytokinesis II, there are four new daughter cells that are haploid (n) These are the gametes 12

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14. Importance of Meiosis Allows for sexual reproduction which is the basis of genetic variation in offspring This variation allows the offspring a diversity that could be the difference between living or dying This gives the species as a whole a greater chance of surviving in a changing ecosystem Genetic variation is the foundation of evolution by natural selection 14

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16. Comparison of Mitosis/Meiosis 16

17. The Human Reproductive System 17

18. Species that reproduce sexually have specialized structures that produce gametes In humans, this process is influenced by the endocrine system This system produces hormones that play an important role in the development and management of reproductive capacity 18

19. Male Reproduction During childhood the body grows but does not change much Puberty begins between the ages of 11 & 16 This process is started when the brain sends signals to the hypothalamus that it is time 19

20. Male Reproduction, cont. Role of the Pituitary gland: 1.Releases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) into bloodstream 2.Once at the testes, FSH triggers specialized cells to make testosterone 3.Testosterone triggers: a.Sperm production b.Development of external organs c.Facial/body hair d.Deepening of voice e.Increase in muscle/bone mass 20

21. Male Reproduction, cont. In human males (and many other organisms) gametes are called spermatozoa or sperm Formation of sperm from stem cells (called follicles) is called spermatogenesis 1 follicle produces 4 sperm Length of meiosis: 65 to 75 days 21

22. Male Reproduction, cont. Approximate number of stem cells that go through process each day: 3 million There are 300-500 million sperm that exit the body upon ejaculation Sperm are able to remain viable up to 48 hours inside the female reproductive system 22

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24. Did You Know? The shape of the head of a sperm varies from rounded to more oblong or pointed depending on the species? 24 Rat Human Fly

25. Female Reproduction Oogenesis – production of female gametes (ovum/ova) Begins as female fetus develops within the uterus of her mother As the fetus develops, follicles go through Prophase I of Meiosis and then lie dormant within the ovaries Each follicle will produce one egg and 3 non-viable polar bodies 25

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27. Female Reproduction, cont. Puberty begins around 10-14 years old: Role of the pituitary gland: 1.Releases FSH into the bloodstream 2.Once at ovaries, FSH triggers the completion of meiosis in one follicle 3.Estrogen and progesterone are also secreted to support growth of uterine lining 4.If the ovum is not fertilized, it and the uterine lining are shed; this is menstruation 27

28. Female Reproduction, cont. Estrogen production is the beginning of puberty; also triggers: a.Breast development b.Broadening of hips c.Growth of body hair d.Slight deepening of voice 28

29. Female Reproduction, cont. Once the egg is fertilized, it becomes a zygote The zygote secretes a hormone that allows it to implant in the uterine wall Estrogen and progesterone keep the zygote implanted and the uterine wall becomes a structure called the placenta 29

30. Female Reproduction, cont. The zygote goes through rapid mitosis to become an embryo During mitosis, genes switch on and off that control the production of certain chemicals These chemicals initiate differentiation in cells This allows cells to become tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms 30

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