1. Chapter 4 Opener

2. Figure 4.1 A testing booth set up for the head-turn preference paradigm

3. Box 4.1, Table 1

4. Figure 4.2 In this study, Saffran and colleagues prepared stimuli that amount to a miniature artificial language of four “words,” each word consisting of three consonant-vowel syllables

5. Figure 4.3 (A) An adult cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). (B) Mean percentage of trials for which the tamarins oriented to the stimulus by turning to look at the speaker

6. Figure 4.4 ERP activity at two recording sites (F3 and C3) shows enhanced negativity

7. Figure 4.4 ERP activity at two recording sites (F3 and C3) shows enhanced negativity (Part 1)

8. Figure 4.4 ERP activity at two recording sites (F3 and C3) shows enhanced negativity (Part 2)

9. Figure 4.5 The human vocal tract, showing the various articulators

10. Table 4.1

11. Figure 4.6 A chart of the consonant phonemes of Standard American English

12. Figure 4.7 Waveforms for the words bought (A) and pot (B)

13. Figure 4.8 A vowel chart, a graphic illustration of the features of vowels, including English vowels and vowels found in other languages

14. Figure 4.9 Is it a cup or a bowl?

15. Figure 4.10 Idealized graphs representing two distinct hypothetical results from a phoneme forced- choice identification task

16. Figure 4.11 (A) Chinchillas are a good choice for auditory studies because their range of hearing is close to that of humans. (B) Results from Kuhl and Miller’s categorical perception experiment