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Water!! APES: Chapter 12.

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Presentation on theme: "Water!! APES: Chapter 12."— Presentation transcript:

1 Water!! APES: Chapter 12

2 In Groups of 4: What is the difference between:
Aquatic Marine Limnology Freshwater How much of our world is covered in water? Fresh vs salt least 5 ways humans use water

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11 Freshwater First ;) D:\Chapter_12\C_Animation_and_Video_Files\ABC News Video Clips\water_wars

12 Activity: Same Groups, Using your textbook:
List the freshwater systems What is the difference between consumptive and non-consumptive use? Give examples List the 4 ways humans use water Check out figure page 263: what are your thoughts? Answer the Weighing the Issues Reaching for Water on page 264 as H/W tonight

13 Most Water is in the Ocean
~97.5% of water on Earth is in the ocean ~2.5% is considered Fresh

14 So lets talk Freshwater
Name some freshwater ecosystems Rivers, bogs, marshes, lakes, ponds, streams, swamp How does groundwater effect hydrologic system? Storage of freshwater to be used slowly, and replenished in equal amounts What is an aquifer? Areas of in-ground water storage: rock that is spongy or porous (rock, sand or gravel)

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16 Stats: Ground waters average age: 1,400 years!!
Some can be 10’s of thousands of years old!!!! The US releases 492 Billion gallons of water per day from its aquifers!!!! On average, surface water enters aquifers at a rate of 3 ft per day. Is this sustainable?

17 We are depleting groundwater
Groundwater is easily depleted, because aquifers recharge slowly. Most water goes to agriculture. Amount of irrigated land is increasing. Water is being “mined”: 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals are unsustainable. As aquifers become depleted: Water tables drop Salt water intrudes in coastal areas Some cities (Venice, Mexico City) are slowly sinking Wetlands dry up

18 The Ogallala Aquifer The world’s largest known aquifer
Underlies Great Plains of U.S.- 8 states Most bountiful grain-producing region in world because of H2O It is down 10% = 18 yrs of Colorado River Flow!! Overpumping has reduced the aquifer’s volume by 10%.

19 Equal Shares for Everyone?
No…. Water is NOT infinite and everywhere MANY MANY nations with high populations of people have very very little water Or no access to it

20 Water is unequally distributed in space and time
Different regions possess different amounts of groundwater, surface water, and precipitation. Many areas with high population density are water-poor and face serious water shortages. Dams store water so it can be used when needed.

21 Climate change may bring water shortages
Climate change will cause: Altered precipitation patterns Melting glaciers Early season runoff Intensified droughts Flooding Models predict a drier future for the American Southwest. 4 western states are building new water supply projects for $2.5 billion.

22 Activity: Pre-read 259-265 Take notes Comprehension question 1-3
Print off Vocab sheet for chapter 12, freshwater Bring in completed tomorrow

23 Homework for This Weekend: 3/21/13
Pre-read next section: “Solutions to Depletion of Fresh Water” Answer Questions 4-5 of Testing Your Comprehension Print off and complete from web-site, “Ch 12 Freshwater Activity, 3/21/13”. Be prepared to discuss on Monday, must have work available for a grade ;)

24 Activity: In groups of 2:
Explain how a dam works (p ) and what they do: remember that dams of today are very different Include the terms Consumptive/Nonconsumptive Where are the largest dams located Include both benefit and cost What is a Dike/Levee? How do they work, etc. Benefit vs cost How/Why are we depleting Surface Water? Give examples How/Why are we depleting Ground Water? Give Examples What is the future outlook when it comes to Water Wars?

25 We have erected thousands of dams
Dam: an obstruction placed in a river or stream that blocks water flow so that water can be stored in a reservoir Prevents floods, provides drinking water and irrigation, and generates electricity Only a few major rivers in remote regions remain undammed. Dams are dismantled when their costs outweigh their benefits. 500 dams have been removed in the U.S. Rivers with dismantled dams: Have restored riparian ecosystems Reestablished fisheries Revived river recreation

26 A typical dam How it works

27 Problems??? What happens when you build a dam? HELP!!
Sediment accrues up river Sediment is washed out downstream Ecosystems are destroyed Areas are flooded, encasing all materials in water Factories, chemicals, grasslands, habitat, homes….

28 China’s Three Gorges Dam
The largest in the world Electricity, shipping, flood control May replace coal or nuclear plants Cost $25 billion to build 10 trillion gallons of water Flooding cities/homes 1.2 mil displaced Submerging archaeological sites Drowning farmland /wildlife habitat Suspended sediments/waste/will fill the reservoir Sub-climates/hydrologic cycle changes

29 On the Other Hand….. At full power, Three Gorges reduces coal consumption by 31 million tonnes per year, avoiding 100 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, millions of tonnes of dust, one million tonnes of sulfur dioxide, 370,000 tonnes of nitric oxide, 10,000 tonnes of carbon monoxide, and a significant amount of mercury. Hydropower saves the energy needed to mine, wash, and transport the coal from northern China.

30 Cntd From 2003 to 2007, power production equaled that of 84 million tonnes of standard coal, reducing carbon dioxide by 190 million tonnes, sulfur dioxide by 2.29 million tonnes, and nitrogen oxides by 980,000 tonnes. The dam increased the Yangtze's barge capacity sixfold, reducing carbon dioxide emission by 630,000 tonnes. From 2004 to 2007 a total of 198 million tonnes of goods passed through the ship locks. Compared to using trucking, barges reduced carbon dioxide emission by ten million tonnes and lowered costs by 25%.[65] Wikipedia

31 Will we see a future of water wars?
Freshwater depletion leads to shortages, which can lead to conflict. 261 major rivers cross national borders. Transboundary disagreements are common. Water is a key element in hostilities among Israel, Palestinians, and neighboring countries. Many nations cooperate with neighbors to resolve disputes. Treaties have been signed by nations in Europe along the Rhine and Danube rivers. What do YOU think?????

32 Activity: Pre-read next section, “Solutions to Depletion of Fresh Water” Answer Questions 4-5 of Testing Your Comprehension Print off and complete from web-site, “Ch 12 Freshwater Activity, 3/21/13”. Be prepared to discuss on Monday, must have work available for a grade ;)

33 Waste-water Treatment
APES

34 Indicators of water quality
Scientists measure properties of water to characterize its quality. Biological indicators: presence of fecal coliform bacteria, algae, and aquatic invertebrates Chemical indicators: nutrient concentration, pH, taste, odor, hardness, dissolved oxygen Physical indicators: temperature, color, turbidity

35 Groundwater pollution is a serious problem
Groundwater pollution is hidden (“out of sight, out of mind”). Difficult to monitor and manage Retains contaminants for decades and longer Some toxic chemicals occur naturally. Aluminum, fluoride, sulfates, arsenic Pollution from human activity is widespread. Wastes leach through soils Pathogens enter through improperly designed wells. Hazardous wastes are pumped into the ground. Underground storage and septic tanks may leak.

36 Legislative efforts reduce pollution
Clean Water Act (1977) Illegal to discharge pollution without a permit Standards for industrial wastewater Funded construction of sewage treatment plants Legislation has improved the situation. Conditions improve when citizens push governments. Other nations have also reduced pollution.

37 We treat our drinking water
EPA sets standards It is chemically treated, filtered, and disinfected Wastewater: water that has been used by people Sewage, showers, sinks, manufacturing, storm water runoff Septic systems: wastewater disposal in rural areas Underground septic tanks separate solids and oils from wastewater. The water drains into a drain field and decomposes. Solid waste is periodically pumped and landfilled.

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42 Municipal sewer systems
In populated areas, sewer systems carry wastewater. Physical, chemical, and biological water treatment Primary treatment: the physical removal of contaminants in settling tanks (clarifiers) Secondary treatment: water is stirred and aerated so aerobic bacteria degrade organic pollutants Chlorine-treated water is piped into rivers or the ocean. Reclaimed water can be used for irrigation, lawns, or industry. Dried solid material (sludge) is landfilled, incinerated, or used as fertilizer.

43 A typical wastewater treatment facility

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45 Artificial wetlands Natural and artificial wetlands can cleanse wastewater. After primary treatment at a conventional facility, wastewater is pumped into the wetland. Microbes decompose the remaining pollutants. Cleansed water is released into waterways or percolated underground. Constructed wetlands serve as havens for wildlife and areas for human recreation. More than 500 artificially constructed or restored wetlands exist in the U.S.

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48 Activity: Pre-read next section; Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: pages Answer Questions 6-7 of Testing Comprehension

49 Activity: Due to me Tuesday, 4/2/13
List the 5 major oceans; describe the physical makeup of the ocean Include; currents, Coriolis Effect (p. 286), Upwelling, Downwelling, Marianas Trench, the longest mtn chain, convergent/divergent/transform fault boundaries (p ), photic/benthic/pelagic zones The text list 8different coastal ecosystems. List them including unique features Figure shows the profile of the benthic zone; Where does seafloor spreading occur? Sub-duction? What can you expect along trenches? Is the Pacific or the Atlantic more likely to have seismic activity? why? Compare/Contrast the following: rocky intertidal zone, salt marsh, mangrove forest. Include where they are located ~2/3rds of human pop. Live w/in 100 miles of an ocean. Describe the ways in which this has altered these ecosystems. Due to me Tuesday, 4/2/13

50 Lets Mix it Up!! Shannon, Caitlyn, Jessica: Sinead, Olivia, Conner:
Marine and Coastal Systems (Near surface pelagic ecosystems, Deep Ocean, Kelp Forest, Coral Reefs) Sinead, Olivia, Conner: Human Use and Impact (Intertidal Zones, Salt Marshes, Mangrove Forest, Estuaries) Dani, Marissa, Donald: Overfishing and Marine Conservation

51 Marine and coastal systems
Oceans cover 71% of Earth’s surface and contain 97% of Earth’s surface water. Influence global climate, high biodiversity, facilitate transportation and commerce, and provide resources Ocean water is 96.5% water, plus ions of dissolved salts. Evaporation removes pure water, leaving salt behind. Surface water is warmer than subsurface water. Warmed by sun, and is less dense Deeper water is dense, sluggish . Unaffected by winds, storms, sunlight, and temperature

52 Ocean water flows horizontally in currents
Currents: vast riverlike flows in the upper 400 m Driven by wind, density differences, gravity, heating, and cooling Influence global climate and El Niño and La Niña

53 A stylized profile of the ocean
Upwelling: the vertical flow of cold, deep water toward the surface High primary productivity and lucrative fisheries Downwelling: oxygen-rich water sinks, providing oxygen for deep-water life Seafloor topography is complex, with volcanoes, canyons, and mountains.

54 Regions of ocean differ greatly
Some zones support more life than others. Photic zone: well-lighted top layer that supports high primary productivity Warm, shallow waters of continentel shelves Pelagic: habitats and ecosystems occurring between the ocean’s surface and floor Benthic: habitats and ecosystems occurring on the ocean floor

55 Near-surface pelagic ecosystems
Photosynthetic productivity occurs in surface waters near upwellings. Microscopic phytoplankton constitute the base of the marine food chain. These organisms feed zooplankton. Which then feeds fish, jellyfish, whales, etc. Predators at higher trophic levels include larger fish, sea turtles, sharks, and fish-eating birds.

56 Animals of the deep ocean
Animals adapt to extreme water pressure and the absence of light. Scavenge carcasses or organic detritus Some are predators, while others have mutualistic relationships with bacteria. Hydrothermal vents: heated water carrying minerals spurts from the seafloor Support tubeworms, shrimp, and other species

57 Kelp forests Kelp: large brown algae growing from the floor of continental shelves Dense strands form kelp forests up to 60 m (200 ft) tall along temperate coasts. Shelter and food for organisms Absorbs wave energy and protects shorelines from erosion Alginates serve as thickeners in cosmetics, paints, paper, and soaps

58 Coral reefs Corals: tiny marine organisms that live in shallow subtropical and tropical waters Attach to rock or existing reef and capture passing food with stinging tentacles Derive nourishment from symbiotic algae, zooxanthallae Coral reef: a mass of calcium carbonate composed of the skeletons of millions of densely packed corals Protects shorelines by absorbing waves Staggering biodiversity

59 Intertidal zones Anemones, mussels, urchins, limpets, seastars, and crabs abound. Intertidal (littoral) zones: where the ocean meets the land Between the farthest reaches of the high and low tides Tides: periodic rising and falling of the ocean’s height due to the gravitational pull of the sun and moon Intertidal organisms spend part of their time submerged in water and part of their time exposed to sun and wind.

60 Salt marshes Salt marsh: occur along coasts at temperate latitude
Tides wash over gently sloping, sandy, silty substrates. High primary productivity Critical habitat for birds and commercial fish and shellfish species a

61 Mangrove forests and estuaries
Mangroves: sandy coasts in tropical and subtropical latitudes Tree roots curve up for oxygen, and down for support. Nurseries for fish and shellfish Nesting areas for birds Protect coastlines Estuaries: where rivers flow into the ocean Mixing fresh water with salt water Critical habitat for shorebirds and shellfish Fish spawn in freshwater, mature in salt water

62 Humans affect these ecosystems
All coastal and nearshore ecosystems are impacted by humans. 67% of humans live within 160 km (100 mi) of the ocean. Estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, and coral reefs Urban and coastal development Water pollution Habitat alteration, overfishing Coral bleaching: zooxanthellae leave corals, depriving them of nutrition Warmer water from climate change, pollution, eutrophication, acidified seawater

63 Activity: Pre-read next sections: Human Use and Impact, and Overfishing and Marine Conservation, p Answer the following Testing Your Comprehension Questions: 8-10 Answer Question 4-5 of Seeking Solutions

64 Activity:

65 Humans are threatening the oceans
Oceans provide transportation routes, energy, and minerals. Moving people and products over vast distances 25% of our crude oil and natural gas Methane hydrate: a potential energy source Sand, gravel, copper, manganese nodules Up to the mid-20th century, coastal U.S. cities dumped trash and untreated sewage along their shores. Oil, plastic, chemicals, excess nutrients make their way from land into oceans. Raw sewage and trash from cruise ships Abandoned fishing gear from fishing boats

66 Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris
Plastic items dumped into the sea harm or kill wildlife. Plastic is non-biodegradable. Drifts for decades Washes up on beaches Wildlife eat it or get entangled and die Minimize this harm by reducing plastic use and cleaning beaches

67 Marine pollution: oil pollution
Although major oil spills make headlines and cause serious problems, most pollution comes from small sources. Boat leakage, runoff, naturally occurring seabed leaks Oil spills: Coat and poison wildlife Devastate fisheries and local economies Oil spills have decreased due to stricter regulations. The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Prevention and clean-up fund All ships must have double hulls by 2015

68 Excess nutrients cause algal blooms
Creates dead zones in coastal ecosystems Harmful algal blooms: population explosions of algae that produce powerful toxins Red tide: algal species produce reddish pigments that discolor water Illness and death to wildlife and humans Economic losses to fishing industries and beach tourism

69 We are emptying the oceans
Overharvesting is the most serious threat to the oceans. We are placing unprecedented pressure on marine resources. Half the world’s marine fish populations are fully exploited. 25% of fish population are overexploited and heading to extinction. Total fisheries catch leveled off after 1998, despite increased fishing effort.

70 The total global fisheries catch is stalling

71 Fishing has industrialized
Today’s commercial fishing fleets are highly industrialized, huge vessels that use powerful technologies to capture fish in huge volumes. Even process and freeze their catches while at sea Driftnets: span large expanses of water to capture passing fish Longline: extremely long lines with thousands of hooks Trawling: entrails dragging immense nets through the water or on the ocean floor

72 Fishing practices damage the oceans
By-catch: the accidental capture of animals Driftnetting drowns dolphins, seals, sea turtles, non-target fish Longline fishing kills turtles, sharks, and seabirds Bottom-trawling destroys communities

73 Industrialized fishing depletes populations
Oceans contain only 10% of the large-bodied animals they once held. Many fisheries have collapsed. Ecologically devastating, with severe economic tolls Closing fisheries helps some populations rebound. The decline of fisheries has been hidden. Fishing fleets travel longer distances, to deeper water. Fleets spend more time fishing and increasing effort to catch the same number of fish. Improved technologies: faster ships, sonar mapping, satellite navigation, thermal sensing

74 We are “fishing down the food chain”
As fishing increases, the size and age of fish caught decline. As species become rare, fleets target other species. Fleets catch smaller, less desirable species. Catch species at lower trophic levels Consumer choices influence fishing practices. Buy ecolabeled seafood (i.e., “Dolphin-safe tuna”) Non-profit organizations have devised guides to help consumers.

75 Fisheries management Management was based on maximum sustained yield.
Maximal harvest while keeping fish available for the future Despite management, stocks have plummeted. It is time to rethink fisheries management. Ecosystem-based management: Shift away from species and toward the larger ecosystem Consider the impacts of fishing on habitat and species interactions Set aside areas of oceans free from human interference

76 We can protect areas in the ocean
Marine protected areas (MPAs): established along the coastlines of developed countries Still allow fishing or other extractive activities Marine reserves: areas where fishing is prohibited Leave ecosystems intact, without human interference Improve fisheries, because young fish will disperse into surrounding areas Benefits: increased species density, biomass, size, diversity Many commercial and recreation fishers and businesses do not support reserves.

77 Conclusion Maintaining saltwater and freshwater resources will be an environmental challenge. Use of freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes depletes many water sources. Overfishing imperils ocean fish stocks. Coastal development harms natural systems. Pollution degrades water quality. There is reason for optimism: water quality is improving and marine reserves give hope for ecosystem restoration and the future of fisheries.

78 QUESTION: Review The area of a lake that extends along the entire bottom of the water body is called the: a) Littoral zone b) Benthic zone c) Limnetic zone d) Profundal zone e) Lacustrine zone Answer: b

79 QUESTION: Review Shallow water that occurs in a forested area is a(n):
Wet lake Marsh Swamp Bog e) Eutrophic lake Answer: a

80 QUESTION: Review The major use of water, globally, is:
For developing industries In agriculture In households Exported to rich countries e) In industries Answer: b

81 QUESTION: Review Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce agricultural water demand? Lining irrigation canals Match crops to land and climate Use low-pressure irrigation systems Install low-flow faucets in work stations e) Selective breeding of crops Answer: d

82 QUESTION: Review Pollution is defined as “the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes ______.” Undesirable impacts on human health Undesirable impacts on other organisms Undesirable impacts on human well-being A, b and c are included in the definition. None of these is included in the definition. Answer: d

83 QUESTION: Review Which of the following is a toxic chemical water pollutant? Pesticides Petroleum products Mercury Acid rain All of these are toxic chemicals. Answer: e

84 QUESTION: Review Primary treatment of wastewater includes:
Treating water with chemicals Stirring and aerating water Degradation of wastes by bacteria Physical removal of contaminants e) Diverting the water into a stream Answer: d

85 QUESTION: Review A “downwelling” is defined as:
The vertical flow of cold, deep water toward the surface The vertical flow of cold, shallow water toward the bottom The vertical flow of warm, deep water toward the bottom The flow of oxygen-rich water into deep water The flow of oxygen-rich water into shallow areas Answer: d

86 QUESTION: Review Which of the following is defined as “large brown algae growing from the floor of continental shelves”? Kelp forests Coral reefs Intertidal zones Salt marshes Mangrove swamps Answer: a

87 QUESTION: Review Coral bleaching occurs when: Corals reproduce
Fish move into coral reefs Zooxanthellae leave the coral Coral reefs expand their range Fishermen make jewelry from coral Answer: c

88 QUESTION: Review Marine reserves have all the following benefits EXCEPT: Diversity increases in the reserve The size of fish increases Larvae can “seed” areas outside the reserve Fish biomass increases e) All of these are benefits of marine reserves. Answer: a

89 QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
What does this graph show about the future of global fisheries catch? Total global fisheries catch has declined significantly. Total global catch has leveled off. China’s catch has increased since 2000. The U.S. is mad at the declining catch. We will find more fish to catch. Answer: b

90 QUESTION: Viewpoints In 2001, the federal government issued orders to divert irrigation water downstream to save endangered fish. Angry farmers ignored this order, and instead used this water for their fields. What should happen to the farmers? Nothing. They need the water for their crops. They should be fined for breaking the law. They should be paid subsidies so they can continue farming. They should be paid to plant different crops that do not require so much water. Answer: any

91 QUESTION: Viewpoints Should cities in desert areas such as Las Vegas be allowed to increase their populations, even though this will require more water? Yes, it’s not the American way to limit what cities can do. Yes, but the people will have to pay the true cost of water. Yes, but only if the people are required to use drastic conservation measures. No, enough is enough, and cities in arid environments simply cannot continue growing. Answer: any

92 QUESTION: Viewpoints Do you plan to alter your decisions about eating seafood? Yes, I will be more selective about what I eat. No, I will continue to eat the same type and amount of seafood as always. Answer: any


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