1. Water!!
APES: Chapter 12

2. In Groups of 4: What is the difference between:
Aquatic
Marine
Limnology
Freshwater
How much of our world is covered in water?
Fresh vs salt
least 5 ways humans use water

11. Freshwater First ;)
D:\Chapter_12\C_Animation_and_Video_Files\ABC News Video Clips\water_wars

12. Activity: Same Groups, Using your textbook:
List the freshwater systems
What is the difference between consumptive and non-consumptive use? Give examples
List the 4 ways humans use water
Check out figure page 263: what are your thoughts?
Answer the Weighing the Issues Reaching for Water on page 264 as H/W tonight

13. Most Water is in the Ocean
~97.5% of water on Earth is in the ocean
~2.5% is considered Fresh

14. So lets talk Freshwater
Name some freshwater ecosystems
Rivers, bogs, marshes, lakes, ponds, streams, swamp
How does groundwater effect hydrologic system?
Storage of freshwater to be used slowly, and replenished in equal amounts
What is an aquifer?
Areas of in-ground water storage: rock that is spongy or porous (rock, sand or gravel)

16. Stats: Ground waters average age: 1,400 years!!
Some can be 10’s of thousands of years old!!!!
The US releases 492 Billion gallons of water per day from its aquifers!!!!
On average, surface water enters aquifers at a rate of 3 ft per day.
Is this sustainable?

17. We are depleting groundwater
Groundwater is easily depleted, because aquifers recharge slowly.
Most water goes to agriculture.
Amount of irrigated land is increasing.
Water is being “mined”: 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals are unsustainable.
As aquifers become depleted:
Water tables drop
Salt water intrudes in coastal areas
Some cities (Venice, Mexico City) are slowly sinking
Wetlands dry up

18. The Ogallala Aquifer The world’s largest known aquifer
Underlies Great Plains of U.S.- 8 states
Most bountiful grain-producing region in world because of H2O
It is down 10% = 18 yrs of Colorado River Flow!!
Overpumping has reduced the aquifer’s volume by 10%.

19. Equal Shares for Everyone?
No….
Water is NOT infinite and everywhere
MANY MANY nations with high populations of people have very very little water
Or no access to it

20. Water is unequally distributed in space and time
Different regions possess different amounts of groundwater, surface water, and precipitation.
Many areas with high population density are water-poor and face serious water shortages.
Dams store water so it can be used when needed.

21. Climate change may bring water shortages
Climate change will cause:
Altered precipitation patterns
Melting glaciers
Early season runoff
Intensified droughts
Flooding
Models predict a drier future for the American Southwest.
4 western states are building new water supply projects for $2.5 billion.

22. Activity: Pre-read 259-265 Take notes Comprehension question 1-3
Print off Vocab sheet for chapter 12, freshwater
Bring in completed tomorrow

23. Homework for This Weekend: 3/21/13
Pre-read next section:
“Solutions to Depletion of Fresh Water”
Answer Questions 4-5 of Testing Your Comprehension
Print off and complete from web-site,
“Ch 12 Freshwater Activity, 3/21/13”.
Be prepared to discuss on Monday, must have work available for a grade ;)

24. Activity: In groups of 2:
Explain how a dam works (p ) and what they do: remember that dams of today are very different
Include the terms Consumptive/Nonconsumptive
Where are the largest dams located
Include both benefit and cost
What is a Dike/Levee? How do they work, etc.
Benefit vs cost
How/Why are we depleting Surface Water?
Give examples
How/Why are we depleting Ground Water?
Give Examples
What is the future outlook when it comes to Water Wars?

25. We have erected thousands of dams
Dam: an obstruction placed in a river or stream that blocks water flow so that water can be stored in a reservoir
Prevents floods, provides drinking water and irrigation, and generates electricity
Only a few major rivers in remote regions remain undammed.
Dams are dismantled when their costs outweigh their benefits.
500 dams have been removed in the U.S.
Rivers with dismantled dams:
Have restored riparian ecosystems
Reestablished fisheries
Revived river recreation

26. A typical dam How it works

27. Problems??? What happens when you build a dam? HELP!!
Sediment accrues up river
Sediment is washed out downstream
Ecosystems are destroyed
Areas are flooded, encasing all materials in water
Factories, chemicals, grasslands, habitat, homes….

28. China’s Three Gorges Dam
The largest in the world
Electricity, shipping, flood control
May replace coal or nuclear plants
Cost $25 billion to build
10 trillion gallons of water
Flooding cities/homes 1.2 mil displaced
Submerging archaeological sites
Drowning farmland /wildlife habitat
Suspended sediments/waste/will fill the reservoir
Sub-climates/hydrologic cycle changes

29. On the Other Hand…..
At full power, Three Gorges reduces coal consumption by 31 million tonnes per year, avoiding 100 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, millions of tonnes of dust, one million tonnes of sulfur dioxide, 370,000 tonnes of nitric oxide, 10,000 tonnes of carbon monoxide, and a significant amount of mercury. Hydropower saves the energy needed to mine, wash, and transport the coal from northern China.

30. Cntd
From 2003 to 2007, power production equaled that of 84 million tonnes of standard coal, reducing carbon dioxide by 190 million tonnes, sulfur dioxide by 2.29 million tonnes, and nitrogen oxides by 980,000 tonnes.
The dam increased the Yangtze's barge capacity sixfold, reducing carbon dioxide emission by 630,000 tonnes. From 2004 to 2007 a total of 198 million tonnes of goods passed through the ship locks. Compared to using trucking, barges reduced carbon dioxide emission by ten million tonnes and lowered costs by 25%.[65]
Wikipedia

31. Will we see a future of water wars?
Freshwater depletion leads to shortages, which can lead to conflict.
261 major rivers cross national borders.
Transboundary disagreements are common.
Water is a key element in hostilities among Israel, Palestinians, and neighboring countries.
Many nations cooperate with neighbors to resolve disputes.
Treaties have been signed by nations in Europe along the Rhine and Danube rivers.
What do YOU think?????

32. Activity:
Pre-read next section, “Solutions to Depletion of Fresh Water”
Answer Questions 4-5 of Testing Your Comprehension
Print off and complete from web-site, “Ch 12 Freshwater Activity, 3/21/13”.
Be prepared to discuss on Monday, must have work available for a grade ;)

33. Waste-water Treatment
APES

34. Indicators of water quality
Scientists measure properties of water to characterize its quality.
Biological indicators: presence of fecal coliform bacteria, algae, and aquatic invertebrates
Chemical indicators: nutrient concentration, pH, taste, odor, hardness, dissolved oxygen
Physical indicators: temperature, color, turbidity

35. Groundwater pollution is a serious problem
Groundwater pollution is hidden (“out of sight, out of mind”).
Difficult to monitor and manage
Retains contaminants for decades and longer
Some toxic chemicals occur naturally.
Aluminum, fluoride, sulfates, arsenic
Pollution from human activity is widespread.
Wastes leach through soils
Pathogens enter through improperly designed wells.
Hazardous wastes are pumped into the ground.
Underground storage and septic tanks may leak.

36. Legislative efforts reduce pollution
Clean Water Act (1977)
Illegal to discharge pollution without a permit
Standards for industrial wastewater
Funded construction of sewage treatment plants
Legislation has improved the situation.
Conditions improve when citizens push governments.
Other nations have also reduced pollution.

37. We treat our drinking water
EPA sets standards
It is chemically treated, filtered, and disinfected
Wastewater: water that has been used by people
Sewage, showers, sinks, manufacturing, storm water runoff
Septic systems: wastewater disposal in rural areas
Underground septic tanks separate solids and oils from wastewater.
The water drains into a drain field and decomposes.
Solid waste is periodically pumped and landfilled.

42. Municipal sewer systems
In populated areas, sewer systems carry wastewater.
Physical, chemical, and biological water treatment
Primary treatment: the physical removal of contaminants in settling tanks (clarifiers)
Secondary treatment: water is stirred and aerated so aerobic bacteria degrade organic pollutants
Chlorine-treated water is piped into rivers or the ocean.
Reclaimed water can be used for irrigation, lawns, or industry.
Dried solid material (sludge) is landfilled, incinerated, or used as fertilizer.

43. A typical wastewater treatment facility

45. Artificial wetlands
Natural and artificial wetlands can cleanse wastewater.
After primary treatment at a conventional facility, wastewater is pumped into the wetland.
Microbes decompose the remaining pollutants.
Cleansed water is released into waterways or percolated underground.
Constructed wetlands serve as havens for wildlife and areas for human recreation.
More than 500 artificially constructed or restored wetlands exist in the U.S.

48. Activity:
Pre-read next section; Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: pages
Answer Questions 6-7 of Testing Comprehension

49. Activity: Due to me Tuesday, 4/2/13
List the 5 major oceans; describe the physical makeup of the ocean
Include; currents, Coriolis Effect (p. 286), Upwelling, Downwelling, Marianas Trench, the longest mtn chain, convergent/divergent/transform fault boundaries (p ), photic/benthic/pelagic zones
The text list 8different coastal ecosystems. List them including unique features
Figure shows the profile of the benthic zone;
Where does seafloor spreading occur? Sub-duction? What can you expect along trenches? Is the Pacific or the Atlantic more likely to have seismic activity? why?
Compare/Contrast the following: rocky intertidal zone, salt marsh, mangrove forest.
Include where they are located
~2/3rds of human pop. Live w/in 100 miles of an ocean. Describe the ways in which this has altered these ecosystems.
Due to me Tuesday, 4/2/13

50. Lets Mix it Up!! Shannon, Caitlyn, Jessica: Sinead, Olivia, Conner:
Marine and Coastal Systems (Near surface pelagic ecosystems, Deep Ocean, Kelp Forest, Coral Reefs)
Sinead, Olivia, Conner:
Human Use and Impact (Intertidal Zones, Salt Marshes, Mangrove Forest, Estuaries)
Dani, Marissa, Donald:
Overfishing and Marine Conservation

51. Marine and coastal systems
Oceans cover 71% of Earth’s surface and contain 97% of Earth’s surface water.
Influence global climate, high biodiversity, facilitate transportation and commerce, and provide resources
Ocean water is 96.5% water, plus ions of dissolved salts.
Evaporation removes pure water, leaving salt behind.
Surface water is warmer than subsurface water.
Warmed by sun, and is less dense
Deeper water is dense, sluggish .
Unaffected by winds, storms, sunlight, and temperature

52. Ocean water flows horizontally in currents
Currents: vast riverlike flows in the upper 400 m
Driven by wind, density differences, gravity, heating, and cooling
Influence global climate and El Niño and La Niña

53. A stylized profile of the ocean
Upwelling: the vertical flow of cold, deep water toward the surface
High primary productivity and lucrative fisheries
Downwelling: oxygen-rich water sinks, providing oxygen for deep-water life
Seafloor topography is complex, with volcanoes, canyons, and mountains.

54. Regions of ocean differ greatly
Some zones support more life than others.
Photic zone: well-lighted top layer that supports high primary productivity
Warm, shallow waters of continentel shelves
Pelagic: habitats and ecosystems occurring between the ocean’s surface and floor
Benthic: habitats and ecosystems occurring on the ocean floor

55. Near-surface pelagic ecosystems
Photosynthetic productivity occurs in surface waters near upwellings.
Microscopic phytoplankton constitute the base of the marine food chain.
These organisms feed zooplankton.
Which then feeds fish, jellyfish, whales, etc.
Predators at higher trophic levels include larger fish, sea turtles, sharks, and fish-eating birds.

56. Animals of the deep ocean
Animals adapt to extreme water pressure and the absence of light.
Scavenge carcasses or organic detritus
Some are predators, while others have mutualistic relationships with bacteria.
Hydrothermal vents: heated water carrying minerals spurts from the seafloor
Support tubeworms, shrimp, and other species

57. Kelp forests
Kelp: large brown algae growing from the floor of continental shelves
Dense strands form kelp forests up to 60 m (200 ft) tall along temperate coasts.
Shelter and food for organisms
Absorbs wave energy and protects shorelines from erosion
Alginates serve as thickeners in cosmetics, paints, paper, and soaps

58. Coral reefs
Corals: tiny marine organisms that live in shallow subtropical and tropical waters
Attach to rock or existing reef and capture passing food with stinging tentacles
Derive nourishment from symbiotic algae, zooxanthallae
Coral reef: a mass of calcium carbonate composed of the skeletons of millions of densely packed corals
Protects shorelines by absorbing waves
Staggering biodiversity

59. Intertidal zones
Anemones, mussels, urchins, limpets, seastars, and crabs abound.
Intertidal (littoral) zones: where the ocean meets the land
Between the farthest reaches of the high and low tides
Tides: periodic rising and falling of the ocean’s height due to the gravitational pull of the sun and moon
Intertidal organisms spend part of their time submerged in water and part of their time exposed to sun and wind.

60. Salt marshes Salt marsh: occur along coasts at temperate latitude
Tides wash over gently sloping, sandy, silty substrates.
High primary productivity
Critical habitat for birds and commercial fish and shellfish species a

61. Mangrove forests and estuaries
Mangroves: sandy coasts in tropical and subtropical latitudes
Tree roots curve up for oxygen, and down for support.
Nurseries for fish and shellfish
Nesting areas for birds
Protect coastlines
Estuaries: where rivers flow into the ocean
Mixing fresh water with salt water
Critical habitat for shorebirds and shellfish
Fish spawn in freshwater, mature in salt water

62. Humans affect these ecosystems
All coastal and nearshore ecosystems are impacted by humans.
67% of humans live within 160 km (100 mi) of the ocean.
Estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, and coral reefs
Urban and coastal development
Water pollution
Habitat alteration, overfishing
Coral bleaching: zooxanthellae leave corals, depriving them of nutrition
Warmer water from climate change, pollution, eutrophication, acidified seawater

63. Activity:
Pre-read next sections: Human Use and Impact, and Overfishing and Marine Conservation, p
Answer the following Testing Your Comprehension Questions: 8-10
Answer Question 4-5 of Seeking Solutions

64. Activity:

65. Humans are threatening the oceans
Oceans provide transportation routes, energy, and minerals.
Moving people and products over vast distances
25% of our crude oil and natural gas
Methane hydrate: a potential energy source
Sand, gravel, copper, manganese nodules
Up to the mid-20th century, coastal U.S. cities dumped trash and untreated sewage along their shores.
Oil, plastic, chemicals, excess nutrients make their way from land into oceans.
Raw sewage and trash from cruise ships
Abandoned fishing gear from fishing boats

66. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris
Plastic items dumped into the sea harm or kill wildlife.
Plastic is non-biodegradable.
Drifts for decades
Washes up on beaches
Wildlife eat it or get entangled and die
Minimize this harm by reducing plastic use and cleaning beaches

67. Marine pollution: oil pollution
Although major oil spills make headlines and cause serious problems, most pollution comes from small sources.
Boat leakage, runoff, naturally occurring seabed leaks
Oil spills:
Coat and poison wildlife
Devastate fisheries and local economies
Oil spills have decreased due to stricter regulations.
The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Prevention and clean-up fund
All ships must have double hulls by 2015

68. Excess nutrients cause algal blooms
Creates dead zones in coastal ecosystems
Harmful algal blooms: population explosions of algae that produce powerful toxins
Red tide: algal species produce reddish pigments that discolor water
Illness and death to wildlife and humans
Economic losses to fishing industries and beach tourism

69. We are emptying the oceans
Overharvesting is the most serious threat to the oceans.
We are placing unprecedented pressure on marine resources.
Half the world’s marine fish populations are fully exploited.
25% of fish population are overexploited and heading to extinction.
Total fisheries catch leveled off after 1998, despite increased fishing effort.

70. The total global fisheries catch is stalling

71. Fishing has industrialized
Today’s commercial fishing fleets are highly industrialized, huge vessels that use powerful technologies to capture fish in huge volumes.
Even process and freeze their catches while at sea
Driftnets: span large expanses of water to capture passing fish
Longline: extremely long lines with thousands of hooks
Trawling: entrails dragging immense nets through the water or on the ocean floor

72. Fishing practices damage the oceans
By-catch: the accidental capture of animals
Driftnetting drowns dolphins, seals, sea turtles, non-target fish
Longline fishing kills turtles, sharks, and seabirds
Bottom-trawling destroys communities

73. Industrialized fishing depletes populations
Oceans contain only 10% of the large-bodied animals they once held.
Many fisheries have collapsed.
Ecologically devastating, with severe economic tolls
Closing fisheries helps some populations rebound.
The decline of fisheries has been hidden.
Fishing fleets travel longer distances, to deeper water.
Fleets spend more time fishing and increasing effort to catch the same number of fish.
Improved technologies: faster ships, sonar mapping, satellite navigation, thermal sensing

74. We are “fishing down the food chain”
As fishing increases, the size and age of fish caught decline.
As species become rare, fleets target other species.
Fleets catch smaller, less desirable species.
Catch species at lower trophic levels
Consumer choices influence fishing practices.
Buy ecolabeled seafood (i.e., “Dolphin-safe tuna”)
Non-profit organizations have devised guides to help consumers.

75. Fisheries management Management was based on maximum sustained yield.
Maximal harvest while keeping fish available for the future
Despite management, stocks have plummeted.
It is time to rethink fisheries management.
Ecosystem-based management:
Shift away from species and toward the larger ecosystem
Consider the impacts of fishing on habitat and species interactions
Set aside areas of oceans free from human interference

76. We can protect areas in the ocean
Marine protected areas (MPAs): established along the coastlines of developed countries
Still allow fishing or other extractive activities
Marine reserves: areas where fishing is prohibited
Leave ecosystems intact, without human interference
Improve fisheries, because young fish will disperse into surrounding areas
Benefits: increased species density, biomass, size, diversity
Many commercial and recreation fishers and businesses do not support reserves.

77. Conclusion
Maintaining saltwater and freshwater resources will be an environmental challenge.
Use of freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes depletes many water sources.
Overfishing imperils ocean fish stocks.
Coastal development harms natural systems.
Pollution degrades water quality.
There is reason for optimism: water quality is improving and marine reserves give hope for ecosystem restoration and the future of fisheries.

78. QUESTION: Review
The area of a lake that extends along the entire bottom of the water body is called the:
a) Littoral zone
b) Benthic zone
c) Limnetic zone
d) Profundal zone
e) Lacustrine zone
Answer: b

79. QUESTION: Review Shallow water that occurs in a forested area is a(n):
Wet lake
Marsh
Swamp
Bog
e) Eutrophic lake
Answer: a

80. QUESTION: Review The major use of water, globally, is:
For developing industries
In agriculture
In households
Exported to rich countries
e) In industries
Answer: b

81. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce agricultural water demand?
Lining irrigation canals
Match crops to land and climate
Use low-pressure irrigation systems
Install low-flow faucets in work stations
e) Selective breeding of crops
Answer: d

82. QUESTION: Review
Pollution is defined as “the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes ______.”
Undesirable impacts on human health
Undesirable impacts on other organisms
Undesirable impacts on human well-being
A, b and c are included in the definition.
None of these is included in the definition.
Answer: d

83. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following is a toxic chemical water pollutant?
Pesticides
Petroleum products
Mercury
Acid rain
All of these are toxic chemicals.
Answer: e

84. QUESTION: Review Primary treatment of wastewater includes:
Treating water with chemicals
Stirring and aerating water
Degradation of wastes by bacteria
Physical removal of contaminants
e) Diverting the water into a stream
Answer: d

85. QUESTION: Review A “downwelling” is defined as:
The vertical flow of cold, deep water toward the surface
The vertical flow of cold, shallow water toward the bottom
The vertical flow of warm, deep water toward the bottom
The flow of oxygen-rich water into deep water
The flow of oxygen-rich water into shallow areas
Answer: d

86. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following is defined as “large brown algae growing from the floor of continental shelves”?
Kelp forests
Coral reefs
Intertidal zones
Salt marshes
Mangrove swamps
Answer: a

87. QUESTION: Review Coral bleaching occurs when: Corals reproduce
Fish move into coral reefs
Zooxanthellae leave the coral
Coral reefs expand their range
Fishermen make jewelry from coral
Answer: c

88. QUESTION: Review
Marine reserves have all the following benefits EXCEPT:
Diversity increases in the reserve
The size of fish increases
Larvae can “seed” areas outside the reserve
Fish biomass increases
e) All of these are benefits of marine reserves.
Answer: a

89. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
What does this graph show about the future of global fisheries catch?
Total global fisheries catch has declined significantly.
Total global catch has leveled off.
China’s catch has increased since 2000.
The U.S. is mad at the declining catch.
We will find more fish to catch.
Answer: b

90. QUESTION: Viewpoints
In 2001, the federal government issued orders to divert irrigation water downstream to save endangered fish. Angry farmers ignored this order, and instead used this water for their fields. What should happen to the farmers?
Nothing. They need the water for their crops.
They should be fined for breaking the law.
They should be paid subsidies so they can continue farming.
They should be paid to plant different crops that do not require so much water.
Answer: any

91. QUESTION: Viewpoints
Should cities in desert areas such as Las Vegas be allowed to increase their populations, even though this will require more water?
Yes, it’s not the American way to limit what cities can do.
Yes, but the people will have to pay the true cost of water.
Yes, but only if the people are required to use drastic conservation measures.
No, enough is enough, and cities in arid environments simply cannot continue growing.
Answer: any

92. QUESTION: Viewpoints
Do you plan to alter your decisions about eating seafood?
Yes, I will be more selective about what I eat.
No, I will continue to eat the same type and amount of seafood as always.
Answer: any