1. ASTM International Committee F38 on Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Accessing the Airspace Using
ASTM International Standards
AUVSI Unmanned Systems North America 2007
F38 Workshop
Washington, DC / 10 August 2007

2. F38 Mission & Strategy

3. F38 Mission - Vision, Mission, and Operating Principles
The Vision for F38 is to help provide routine, safe UAS operations in civil airspace through standardization.
The Mission of F38 is to produce practical, consensus standards that facilitate UAS operations at an acceptable level of safety. These standards include the design, manufacture, maintenance and operation of unmanned aircraft systems as well as the training and qualification of personnel. Committee F38 supports industry, academia, government organizations and regulatory authorities.
F38 operates under the principles that practical standards are a cost effective means of promoting commercial success, and that consensus processes protect the balance of interests among stakeholders.

4. F38 Outlined Workflow - Environmental Basis for Workflow
Unregulated
Minimum regulation
Regulation via Standards
Increasing Regulation
Experimental Aircraft
Club Rules, Guides, Insurance
Voluntary Standards, Club Practices
Comply w/ Industry Standards
Show Compliance w/ Rules; can use TSO or Industry Standards with Increasing Reliability and Assurance Requirements
Small:
Kites, Balloons, Rockets, Models
Moored Balloons, Kites, Unmanned Rockets, Unmanned Free Balloons, Ultralights, and Parachutists
Light Sport Aircraft
General Aviation, VFR Ops
Transports, IFR Ops
Large Aircraft, Airlines, Overwater, & Int’l Ops

5. F38 Outlined Workflow - Environmental Basis for Workflow / Business Case
Which requires reducing risk.
Commercial success requires profitable return.
Transfer some risk to insurers.
Standards
But insurers want predictability.
Which leads to profitable returns.
Which makes our industry safe and reliable.
So they require us to abide by standards.

6. About ASTM International

7. ASTM International’s Primary Objective
… is to be the foremost developer and provider
of consensus standards, related
technical information, and services
having globally recognized quality
and market relevance.
Member participation from around the world is what makes ASTM a truly international standards development organization. ASTM opens its doors to all interested individuals and organizations from around the globe that want to participate in the Society's consensus process for standards development. This process ensures that all interested parties have an equal vote in determining a standard's content. ASTM's enduring philosophy of consensus without borders helps make ASTM responsive and relevant to the needs of the global marketplace. As a result, more than 40 percent of ASTM's standards are sold outside the United States.

8. The ASTM International Standards Development Process
A Proven and Practical System that is Driven by Direct-Stakeholder Participation, for Developing Voluntary, Consensus Standards for Materials, Products, Systems & Services World-Wide.
A Portfolio of Approximately 12,000 Standards Used Internationally; 3,500 are the Basis of National Standards and Regulation in 76 Countries.
Always Reflect Current Technology as they are Continually Revised.
Over 31,000 Members from 130 Countries Participate on ASTM International Committees; users from 175 countries.
Standards Development Process complies with WTO’s TBT Requirements.
No Project Costs.

9. ASTM International: The Power of Partnership
All stakeholders involved
Neutral forum with consensus-based procedures
Private and public sector cooperation
Adoptions of standards from E54, F37, F38 and F39 by DoD, FAA, CASA, DHS and other entities
MOUs with NATO, DOD, and Standards Bodies of 48 Countries
EXAMPLES:
Product manufacturers • Federal agencies • Associations • Professional societies • UAS professionals and consultants • Financial organizations • Academia • Research
institutions and laboratories

10. 140 Technical Committees A FEW OTHER EXAMPLES………
A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, & Related Alloys
B07 on Light Metals & Alloys
D02 on Petroleum Products & Lubricants
D20 on Plastics
E34 on Occupational Health & Safety
E54 on Homeland Security Applications
E54.08 on Operational Equipment / Urban Search & Rescue Robots
F04 on Medical Devices
F37 on Light Sport Aircraft
F39 on General & Utility Category Aircraft Wiring Systems
F41 on Unmanned Undersea Vehicle Systems

11. ASTM’s Infrastructure
Specifically Designed to Support the development and Delivery of technical information – making it “uncomplicated”
Development of technical formation
Full administrative support through staff management, editorial assistance, and web infrastructure
Delivery of technical information
200 global points of resale and electronic flexibility of products

12. Time Frame for Developing Information
Complexity of the job
Urgency of needs
Time devoted by members
Utilization of new informational technologies
ASTM’s average standard development time is 17 months
New committees average lesser times of about 9 – 16 months

13. Technical Committee Organization
Main Committee
Subcommittee
.01
Subcommittee
.02
Subcommittee
.03
TG 1
TG 2
TG 1
TG 2
TG 1
TG 2
Committees form to address industry subjects, with subcommittees addressing specialized subsets.
Approved Standards Achieve Separate Subcommittee and Main Committee Approvals, as well as a Society Review and “Internal Audit.”

14. Website Functionality
Members Have Instant Access to Rosters, Minutes, Agendas, Ballot Items, & Workflow Submissions…

15. Website Functionality
Minutes and Agendas
Select the Link to the Desired Minutes/Agenda, & a Downloadable/Printable PDF Appears.
Rosters
Links to members with all Contact Information

16. Website Functionality
Ballots
Select the Link to the Desired Ballot (Listed by Subcommittee), & Review a Ballot that Lists All Items Under Review. To View a Specific Item, Click its Link, & a Downloadable/Printable PDF appears. Vote on the Item (Affirmative, Negative, Abstain, or Provide Comments) by Simply Selecting the Toggle.

17. F38 Standard Portfolio Strategy: Building the Safety Case

18. F38 – Mini UAS Suite Portfolio Priority
- Mini UAS Airworthiness Standard
- Remote Control - Visual Range Operations Standard
- Remote Control Visual Range Pilot Training Standard
- Mini UAS Operation Handbook
These standards contribute to:
Special Airworthiness Certification,
Program letter
Safety checklist
Certificates of Authorization (COA)
Approved Commercial Flight Under FAA Rules

19. F38 Outlined Workflow - Existing Subcommittee Structure
What do you need to fly?
…A System Safety Case
System Certification and
Flight Authority
Operations protocols & component performance
Crew training & human factors consideration
F38.01 Airworthiness Standards
Safe design, construction, test, modification, & inspection of the individual component, aircraft, or system; hardware oriented
F38.02 Operations Standards
Safe employment of the system within the aviation environment among other aircraft & systems; procedure/ performance oriented
F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications
Safe practices by the individuals responsible for employing the system; crew oriented
The breakout represents the organization of F38.
It follows the organization within FAA
They focus on the planes
Hardware oriented
They focus on how the planes are used
Performance oriented
They focus on how to fly the planes
Procedure oriented

20. F38 Outlined Workflow - Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?
What do you need to fly?
System Certification and Flight Authority
Operations protocols and component performance
Crew training and human factors consideration
You would need
Reliability and Airworthiness Standards
Aircraft, Control Station, Datalink
Support Equipment Standards
Launch & recovery equipment
Starters, power supplies, fueling / de-fueling, others
The breakout represents the organization of F38.
It follows the organization within FAA
They focus on the planes
Hardware oriented
They focus on how the planes are used
Performance oriented
They focus on how to fly the planes
Procedure oriented

21. F38 Outlined Workflow - Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?
What do you need to fly?
System Certification and Flight Authority
Operations protocols and component performance
Crew training and human factors consideration
You would need
Standardized flight procedures
Standardized maintenance procedures
Safe separation from other airspace users
Others, of course
The breakout represents the organization of F38.
It follows the organization within FAA
They focus on the planes
Hardware oriented
They focus on how the planes are used
Performance oriented
They focus on how to fly the planes
Procedure oriented

22. F38 Outlined Workflow - Existing Subcommittee Structure – Why?
What do you need to fly?
System Certification and Flight Authority
Operations protocols and component performance
Crew training and human factors consideration
You would need
Pilot certification system
Category and type, ratings, limitations
Criteria to certify air-crewmen
Eligibility, Knowledge, Experience, Test Standards
Criteria to certify maintainers
Others, of course
The breakout represents the organization of F38.
It follows the organization within FAA
They focus on the planes
Hardware oriented
They focus on how the planes are used
Performance oriented
They focus on how to fly the planes
Procedure oriented

23. Gap Analysis: Outlining F38 Workflow

24. F38 Structure and Workflow - Gap Analysis Objective
Gap Analysis Objectives
To provide guidance for standards bodies and user groups engaged in developing or adopting standards governing unmanned aircraft system design, manufacture, test, training, operation, and maintenance
To identify gaps in standards coverage unique to needs of unmanned aviation
To preclude duplicating existing standards already applicable to unmanned aviation
To be the leader and first choice in standards deliverables for the UAS industry by delivering prompt and relevant standards products to industry

25. F38 Structure and Workflow - Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End)
Crew Qualifications
Airframe
Maintainers
Crew
Materials
Structures
Landing Gear
Launch Devices
Maintenance
Environmental
General
Reciprocating
Turbine
Generators
Fuels
Electric
Pilot
Non-Pilot
Schools
Human Factors
- Batteries
- Solar
- Radioisotope
- Certificates
- Ratings
ASTM WK5423 Certificates and Ratings Issued for UAV Pilots and Operators
UAS Operations
Airframe
Power Plant
Ground
Materials
Structures
Landing Gear
Launch Devices
Maintenance
Environmental
General
Reciprocating
Turbine
Generators
Fuels
Electric
Taxi
Takeoff
Landings
- Batteries
- Solar
- Radioisotope
- GSE
ASTM
Airworthiness
Level 2
Airframe
Power Plant
Avionics
Materials
Structures
Landing Gear
Launch Devices
Maintenance
Environmental
General
Reciprocating
Turbine
Generators
Fuels
Electric
Comm/NAV
Data Links
Safety / SA
Level 3
Level 4
- Batteries
- Solar
- Fuel Cell
- De-Anti-Icing
- See & Avoid
Level 5
ASTM F2585 Specification for Design & Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic UAS Launch System
Reference to Dewey decimal standards. Independent of existing standards.
You have level one, representing the three subs of F38.
Avionics is one of six categories under AW
…so on.
Level 5 is the actual standard product
The standard will always be the last level; there may be some more general standards above it, though.
- Launchers

26. From the ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Avionics
F38 Structure and Workflow - Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End) …An example of in-depth research
From the ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Avionics
Comm/Nav RTCA DO-187, DO-208, DO-278
Computers (SAE AS-2 works)
Safety/Sit. Aware MIL-STD 882
Sense & Avoid ASTM F Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, RTCA DO-268
Anti-icing/Deicing SAE AS5498, AIR 4367
Transponders FAA TSO
Links Security-none; NATO STANAG 4586; RTCA DO-254; SAE ARP4791
Software RTCA DO-178B
General (SAE AS-1 works); ARINC 429 (analog) and 629 (digital)
The major lacking point, anywhere, is an actual common avoidance algorithm for the see and avoid industry. Since a collision in 1986 in LAX, there has been no US-based collision. It spurred industry to model and improve safety. But then liability interrupted. If a collision occurred with a given company’s algorithm, then they would be liable. So the FAA assumed ownership of the common avoidance algorithm; they have the liability for it. With that coverage, the companies came out and used the same common baseline. There will likely have to be another FAA S&A algorithm. That will be the next step, and the result of national airspace modeling (which D0D has started)
RTCA DO 268 actually contains the TCAS
Links – Data link security has no standards (at least in the unclassified world) of ensuring that you and only you can talk to your plane over a datalink. Making it hacker-proof. The WK is not addressing the security issue. It does look at the requirements covering the design and performance of UAV data link systems. This specification includes requirements to provide radio frequency (RF) links capable of transmitting data for command and control of the air vehicle, payload data and other data between the air vehicle and control station.
Found no standard for the reliability of datalink secrutigy. NSA may have some, but we don’t.

27. F38 Special Awards

28. JIPT Discussion

29. UAS Airspace Integration Joint IPT
Tri-Service UAS Airspace Integration Joint Integrated Product Team (JIPT) chartered by the Air Force, Army, and Navy UAS Program Offices to coordinate related technology and standards development for worldwide airspace
Standards Development Activity Center serves as JIPT focal point for coordinating its standards needs with ASTM, FINAS, RTCA, SAE, other SDOs and the DSPO

30. JIPT Strategy for Airspace Integration

31. DoD Policy Board on Federal Aviation
USN
USA
USAF
USMC
CJCS
USD(I)
USD(AT&L)
USD(P)
ASD(NII)
CHAIR
USD(C)
ASD(HD)
GC,DoD
DOT&E
JCOE
Creech AFB
JUAS MRB
Pentagon
UAS PTF
PBFA
(UAS SG)
FAA
JIPT
Air Force (303 AESW)
Army (SFAE-AV-UAS)
Navy (PMA-263)
USSOCOM
DHS
S&T
Service UAS PO
Systems Engineering & Integration
Airworthiness
Operations &
Procedure
Collision
Avoidance
Command and
Communications
Requirements Analysis
Activity Centers
Modeling & Simulation
Test &
Evaluation
Standards Dev
Specialty Engineering

32. Defense Standardization Program Office

33. NON-GOVERNMENT STANDARDS
ADOPTION OF
NON-GOVERNMENT STANDARDS
IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
ANSI
SAE
IEEE
ASTM
NAS 1 1

34. Importance of NGSs to DoD
Access Commercial
Industrial Base
Cost Savings
Current Technology
Reduced Document
Preparation & Maintenance
Resources
BOTTOM LINE: DOD CANNOT AFFORD TO SUPPORT
A DEFENSE-UNIQUE INFRASTRUCTURE 8 8

35. Benefits of Adoption Adoption Not Necessary for Use, BUT…..
Visibility via ASSIST database
Measure of confidence in document
Identifies DoD Technical Focal Point
Adoption notice may provide application and other guidance
ADOPTION DOES NOT MEAN NGS MUST BE USED -- ONLY THAT SOMEONE IN DoD IS USING NGS
NOTES TO INSTRUCTORS: Only adopted NGS indexed in the DoDISS and ASSIST are available free of charge to DoD requesters. If a NGS is likely to have wide usage and application, it should be adopted. If it is an esoteric standard with limited usage and application, then there probably is not much advantage to adopting it. If the NSSN is successful at making full text NGS available on-line, the DoD adoption program will probably cease or be changed dramatically, since the two main reasons for adoption -- availability and visibility -- will be covered by NSSN. 22 22

36. NOTES TO INSTRUCTORS: None21 21

37. Which NGS Organization?
Requiring Activity Must Decide
90% DoD Adopted NGS From Only 10 NGS Organizations
ASTM
(2572)
SAE
(3242)
AIA
(1177)
ANSI
(272) UL
(212)
ASME
(210)
EIA
(205)
ISO
(77)
NEMA
AWPA
(62)

38. Copies of Adopted NGS
Adopted NGS listed in the Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization Information System (ASSIST) database
website:
NGS Developer
Commercial Data Vendors
NOTES TO INSTRUCTORS: None 23 23

39. Membership Notes

40. Defining F38’s “Balance”
Member Type
Individual
Corporation
Temporary (courtesy trial membership)
Classification
Producer: Seller of products and services
User: Buyer of products and services
General: Other interested parties
Voting Status
Tracked by:
Type
Interest (i.e., company or organization)

41. 211 Members 12 Countries 4 Continents F38 Membership Bahamas 1 Canada
Chile
Finland
France
Germany
Japan 7
South Korea
Singapore
Sweden
Taiwan 3
United Kingdom 2
United States of America
181
211 Members
12 Countries
4 Continents

42. F38 Membership

43. F38 Structure and Workflow F38.01 on Airworthiness Standards

44. F38 Outlined Workflow - F38.01 on Airworthiness: Existing Standards
DoD
Adopted
F Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System
F Standard Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness
F Standard Practice for Application of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulations Part 21 Requirements to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)     
F Standard Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture of Light Unmanned Aircraft System
F Standard Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
F Standard Specification for Design and Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Launch System
F Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Turbine Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System
F Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Compression Ignition Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System
DoD
Adopted

45. F38 Outlined Workflow - F38.01 on Airworthiness: Proposed Standards
WK6783 FAR Part 27 Review For Civil Unmanned Rotorcraft (CUR) Requirements
WK7067 Continued Operational Safety Monitoring of the Light Unmanned Airplane Systems (UAS)
WK7977 Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Engines for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
WK13686 Guide for Suggested Procedures for Applying for a Special Certificate of Airworthiness (CofA) Experimental (UAS) or a Type Certificate for an Unmanned Aircraft System
WK13935 Standard Guide for Mini UAS Airworthiness
WK15881 Specification for Design and Performance of UAS Recovery Systems

46. F38 – Mini UAS Airworthiness
Assure public safety
Target the single man operation
Sufficient, not excessive
Limit to Visual Range and Remote Control operations
Includes altitude hold type functions
RC is always connected
Design so users can and will use it

47. Design and Performance
Standard sequence found in FAR 23:
Applicability
Flight
Structure
Design and Construction
Powerplant

48. Topics Covered Design and Performance Required Equipment
Quality Assurance
Acceptance Tests
Aircraft Operating Instructions
Maintenance and Inspection Procedures
Identification and Recording of Major Repairs and Major Alterations
Continued Airworthiness

49. Issues still open Pilot Operating Handbook description
Whether or not we need more specifics in QA
Further development of test procedures          
Decision on Specification or Guide

50. F38 Structure and Workflow F38.02 on Operations Standards

51. F38 Outlined Workflow - F38.02 on Operations: Existing and Proposed Standards
F Standard Terminology for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems
F Standard Practice for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Visual Range Flight Operations
Proposed
WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators

52. WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators
Hazard and Risk Analysis
Mitigation and Company Operating Procedures
How to use Airworthiness, VR Operations, and VR-RC Pilot documents
Aircraft handbook and maintenance -- documentation
Types of operations -- documentation
Training, Qual, Currency and Documentation
Part 91 operations – not for sport or recreation
Business Aviation Operation model

53. Organization of Standard
1 Company Organization
2 Company Safety Management System
3 Operational Control
4 Operating Requirements
5 Emergency Procedures and Equipment
7 Qualifications and Training
8 Record Keeping
9 Aircraft Maintenance
10 Security Procedures
11 Transportation of Dangerous Goods
12 Company Forms
13 Company Directives

54. F38 Structure and Workflow F38.03 on Operator/Maintainer Quals.

55. F38 Outlined Workflow - F38.03 on Pilot and Maintenance Operations: Existing and Proposed Standards
F Standard Classification for Unmanned Aircraft Pilot Certification
Proposed
WK8962 Standard Practice for Remote Control Pilots Operating within Visual Range (awaiting publication)
WK11174 Commercial Pilot Unmanned Aircraft Practical Test Standards
WK11425 Private Pilot Unmanned Aircraft Practical Test Standards

56. Existing Pilot Classification

57. F2635 UAS Pilot Classification

58. Examples

59. Summary & Moving Forward

60. F38 Outlined Workflow - Proposed New Areas
F38 Proposed/Additional Subcommittee Structure
F38.0x – Payloads (Proposed)
Standard test methods for payloads to comply w/S&A
Standard payload interfaces
IP messaging service
F38.0x - Support Equipment (Proposed)
Launch equipment (Rail, rocket, air)
Recovery equipment (Arresting gear, nets, etc.)
Fueling / de-fueling
Ground power, backup power
Test Equipment
Toolkits
Transport equipment (Containers, towing, etc.)
F38.0x – Control Stations (Proposed)

61. Supplement: Gap Analysis

62. Supplement - Gap Analysis in Detail
Recalling Subcommittee Structure:
F38.01 Airworthiness Standards
F38.02 Operations Standards
F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications
The Gap Analysis Will
provide guidance for standards bodies and user groups engaged in developing or adopting standards governing unmanned aircraft system design, manufacture, test, training, operation, and maintenance
preclude duplicating existing standards already applicable to unmanned aviation
identify gaps in standards coverage unique to needs of unmanned aviation
Roadmap Key: ASTM F38 standards in progress - in orange
ASTM approved standards – in yellow
Outstanding needs – in red
Member participation from around the world is what makes ASTM a truly international standards development organization. ASTM opens its doors to all interested individuals and organizations from around the globe that want to participate in the Society's consensus process for standards development. This process ensures that all interested parties have an equal vote in determining a standard's content. ASTM's enduring philosophy of consensus without borders helps make ASTM responsive and relevant to the needs of the global marketplace. As a result, more than 40 percent of ASTM's standards are sold outside the United States.

63. F38 Structure and Workflow - Gap Analysis Structure (Supplement at End)
Crew Qualifications
Airframe
Maintainers
Crew
Materials
Structures
Landing Gear
Launch Devices
Maintenance
Environmental
General
Reciprocating
Turbine
Generators
Fuels
Electric
Pilot
Non-Pilot
Schools
Human Factors
- Batteries
- Solar
- Radioisotope
- Certificates
- Ratings
ASTM WK5423 Certificates and Ratings Issued for UAV Pilots and Operators
UAS Operations
Airframe
Power Plant
Ground
Materials
Structures
Landing Gear
Launch Devices
Maintenance
Environmental
General
Reciprocating
Turbine
Generators
Fuels
Electric
Taxi
Takeoff
Landings
- Batteries
- Solar
- Radioisotope
- GSE
ASTM
Airworthiness
Level 2
Airframe
Power Plant
Avionics
Materials
Structures
Landing Gear
Launch Devices
Maintenance
Environmental
General
Reciprocating
Turbine
Generators
Fuels
Electric
Comm/NAV
Data Links
Safety / SA
Level 3
Level 4
- Batteries
- Solar
- Fuel Cell
- De-Anti-Icing
- See & Avoid
Level 5
ASTM F2585 Specification for Design & Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic UAS Launch System
Reference to Dewey decimal standards. Independent of existing standards.
You have level one, representing the three subs of F38.
Avionics is one of six categories under AW
…so on.
Level 5 is the actual standard product
The standard will always be the last level; there may be some more general standards above it, though.
- Launchers

64. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Airworthiness
Airframe
Power Plant
Avionics
Materials
Structures
Landing Gear
Launch Devices
Maintenance
Environmental
General
Reciprocating
Turbine
Generators
Fuels
Electric
Comm/NAV
Data Links
Safety / SA
Level 3
Level 4
- Batteries
- Solar
- Fuel Cell
- De-Anti-Icing
- See & Avoid
Level 5
ASTM F2585 Specification for Design & Performance of Pneumatic-Hydraulic UAS Launch System
- Launchers
Reference to Dewey decimal standards. Independent of existing standards.
You have level one, representing the three subs of F38.
Avionics is one of six categories under AW
…so on.
Level 5 is the actual standard product
The standard will always be the last level; there may be some more general standards above it, though.

65. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – AIRFRAME (under Level 1 Airworthiness)
Materials…………………………..MIL HDBK 5 (metals), 17 (composites)
Structures…………………………MIL-HDBK 1530; MIL-STD 403A
Landing Gear…………………….JIS W2502; FAA TSO-C62d; MIL-T-504; SAE ARP1493A Wheels/Brakes/Skid Control ARP1595A, ARP1907A, ARP813B, SAE ARP1311B, Gears/Struts/ Couplings ARP1598AAIR1494A, AIR4566, SAE AIR5487, AS1188 Tires
Launch Devices…………………. ASTM F2585 Standard Specification for the Design and Performance of a Pneumatic UAS Launch System
Recovery Devices………………. WK15881 Specification for Design and Performance of UAS Recovery Systems
Environmental……………………(see next chart) RTCA DO-160C,
External MIL HDBK 237
Internal (Onboard)
General…………………………….14 CFR 21, 23, 25, 27, 29; ASTM F Standard
Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness
First, recognize the list is not all-inclusive. The intent was to find the leading resources, those most significant. Other references can be detailed at an individual task level.
These are the industry recognized guidance materials that are used in manned and unmanned ways of doing business from design to flight.
A first example of plugging the gap, is the catapult system. The first step is to get these aircraft flying, and there was no safe and standardized means by which to do it. Our membership has worked with all the manufactures in this niche market for pneumatic and hydraulic and bungee catapults (Robinics out of Finland, for example, is one of the lead companies). We go directly to industry, and our input is international in scope.
Arresting gear is another one of the niche areas identified that needs to be addressee. Hunter and Shadow for example have portable arresting gear – very small market; use by a hundred or so models. Important to get. What they use on aircraft carriers are very complicated and steam-driven systems. We want a simplified, wide-market application to expedite growth and proliferate safe operation in recoveries. “If you can carry an aircraft carrier arresting gear around with you in a truck, then yes, we’re done!”
General: there are two very different markets. You have the RC/mini industry that has their very finite aw issues. It draws the line between recreation or sport UAV and professional.

66. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 3/4/5/6 - Environmental
General SAE ARP147E (terminology), ARP780B (symbols)
External
Altitude (TPH) MIL-STD 202, 810; RTCA DO-160; NEBS GR-63-CORE
De-icing/Anti-icing (see Avionics/Safety; SAE AC-9C work)
Rain, ice, lightning, etc. SAE AIR1168/4, ARP 5577; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160
Salt, fog, dust, etc. MIL-STD 820; ASTM B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
Fungus ASTM D120 Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves, D470 Method for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable, D518 Method for Rubber Deterioration- Surface Cracking; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160
EMI, HERO, etc. MIL-STD 461D, 646; SAE ARP1972, ARP5583, ARP5889
Solar weather JEDEC JESD-89
Internal (Onboard)
Temperature SAE AIR64B, AIR89D, AIR1277B, AS8040A
Pressure SAE AIR1168/7
Humidity SAE AIR1609A, ARP987A
Shock/Vibration/Accel MIL-STD 167, 202, 331 (catapult/arrested landing), 810
Acoustic SAE AIR1826
Take Environmental and walk it down to levels and six – one time boring down to more detail to show just how complicated this is. This represents the depth of detail in F2501.
A great perspective is looking at solar weather for UAVs. Issues like the aurora can disrupt communications; airliners fly below it. But we looked at it as a consideration for HALE aircraft.
TPH (Temperature Pressure and Humidity).

67. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines 14 CFR 33, 34, 36; SAE AS25109, AS1B, ASTM WK9561 Design and Manufacture of Compression Ignition Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System
Propellers CFR 35; SAE ARP355, AS107, AIR1872
Turbines 14 CFR 35, 34, 36; SAE ARP748A, AIR1872, ASTM WK9560 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Turbine Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System
Electric
Batteries IEC Std 952-1; MIL-B-8565; IEC 21/466/CD
Solar (Photovoltaic) IEC 61427:1999
Radioisotope SAE AIR1213
Generators/Starters SAE AS13
Fuels ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines, D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Systems/Instruments SAE AIR1408, AS407, AS431, AR1326
Tanks SAE AIR4069A, AS5502A, AMSS8802B
General (SAE E-25 works); MIL-STD-8879c
Again, drilling down, where Reciprocating Engines is level 3 and propellers are level 4.
Like with engines, the work product preceded the mapping. But the point here is that a niche need is identified, where UAV-specific criteria need to be identified. GOOD POINT: where a higher level standard exists on a topic, F38 will never duplicate or create conflicting information. They will move from that into more specifics as may be needed to suit UAVs.
SAE E25 are a very strong committee on standards for aviation engines; we are always reviewing their portfolio for reference.
Arresting gear – very large; volleyball nets used for lack of standard.

68. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Avionics
Comm/Nav RTCA DO-187, DO-208, DO-278
Computers (SAE AS-2 works)
Safety/Sit. Aware MIL-STD 882
Sense & Avoid ASTM F Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, RTCA DO-268
Anti-icing/Deicing SAE AS5498, AIR 4367
Transponders FAA TSO
Links Security-none; NATO STANAG 4586; RTCA DO-254; SAE ARP4791
Software RTCA DO-178B
General (SAE AS-1 works); ARINC 429 (analog) and 629 (digital)
The major lacking point, anywhere, is an actual common avoidance algorithm for the see and avoid industry. Since a collision in 1986 in LAX, there has been no US-based collision. It spurred industry to model and improve safety. But then liability interrupted. If a collision occurred with a given company’s algorithm, then they would be liable. So the FAA assumed ownership of the common avoidance algorithm; they have the liability for it. With that coverage, the companies came out and used the same common baseline. There will likely have to be another FAA S&A algorithm. That will be the next step, and the result of national airspace modeling (which D0D has started)
RTCA DO 268 actually contains the TCAS
Links – Data link security has no standards (at least in the unclassified world) of ensuring that you and only you can talk to your plane over a datalink. Making it hacker-proof. The WK is not addressing the security issue. It does look at the requirements covering the design and performance of UAV data link systems. This specification includes requirements to provide radio frequency (RF) links capable of transmitting data for command and control of the air vehicle, payload data and other data between the air vehicle and control station.
Found no standard for the reliability of datalink secrutigy. NSA may have some, but we don’t.

69. The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Operations
UAS Operations
General
Flight
Ground
Terminology
Symbology
VFR
IFR
Payloads
Taxi
Takeoff
Landings
Getting away from the hardware-oriented standards now, and moving more into operations. These area regarding how you talk about and operate your UAV.
What is unique to this industry, is ground and taxi. For example, UAVs like globalhawk had to emergency land on a runway that was not the intended runway. It calls the tower and says “I’ll be there in 5 minutes.” Now, what do you do with the lump of aircraft sitting on your runway. Perhaps some kind of switching and directions in the form of placards, etc. How do you smart operate. See and avoid will have to grow to also include ground equipment avoidance, tying it into throttle and brakes as well as maneuvering.

70. The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - General
Terminology ASTM F Terminology for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems, AIAA R
Symbology SAE ARP4155, ARP5289
Standardizing symbols used on placards and charts, etc

71. The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Flight
VFR CFR 91, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization, WK10504 Practice for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Visual Range Flight Operations
IFR CFR 91, 95, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization
Payloads Universal Interface; IEEE-1394b; SAE AS5609 SAE AS8039
Data Recorders SAE AS8039
Returnable
Sensors SAE AIR4911, AS1212 (SWAP), AIR1277 (SWAP)
Relay/ Broadcast Eqmt SAE J1113/28, J551/4, ARP5583 (HIRF)
Deliverable 14 CFR 91
Weapons Positive Control, Weapon Safing: SAE AIR5532
Cargo SAE AS1325, AS5385, ARP1409, AS25959
Aerial Refueling SAE ARP1665, AS1284
Business Aviation Practices WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators
ASTM efforts is focusing on what the UASs need for flight, more specifically.
Needed items being pushed by DoD. Universal interface refers to a multipurpose type of adapters, rack sizes, connectors, flanges for swapping out and installing different payloads.
Weapons: General Atomics has the lead there. RTCA is not chartered or covering this area. The military, AF in particular, has a complex process called seek eagle, which is to certify the carriage and release of any kind of weapon off each kind of station on winged aircraft. So an ordinance has to be certified to come off each kind of pilon, with each kind of plane, with each kind of guidance system. On manned aircraft there is a human in the loop to arm or safe the weapon. That human intervention needs to be automated.
Bombs are deliverable payloads. Nothing exists for positive controls for weapons safing. The military has a real risk of trying to ; one unitifes standard for wepons payloads and safing for unmanned aircraft.

72. The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Ground
Taxi SAE ARP693, AIR1589, AIR4096 (FOD), ARP5898
Takeoff SAE AIR852, AS8044, AIR4096. ARP4104
Landing SAE ARP1070, AIR1739, ARP181, ARP4102, AIR4243, ARP69
Airports UA Accommodation at Alternates-none; 14 CFR 139; SAE ARP5910, AIR1845, AIR5387, ARP4084, AIR1335
AGE SAE AIR1247, AIR1375, AIR4286, AS4852, AS5488
Again, the global hawk shows up on your runway unannounced. How to shut the engine down, where the tow bar is, etc.
Aerospace Ground Equipment
If found, call this number, please return to. As far of auto takeoff and landing procedures; they are being designed, but there is no standards.

73. The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Qualifications
Crew Qualifications
Crew
Maintainers
Special
Pilots
Operators
Schools
Human Factors
A&P Mechanics
General
Commercial
F38.03.
Ties into FAA part 61 which establishes qualifications for people who fly and maintain aircraft. This is important.

74. The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – Crew, Maintainer, Special
Pilots 14 CFR Part 61, 67; F2635 Standard Classification for Unmanned Aircraft Pilot Certification
Non-Pilot Aircrew 14 CFR 63, 65, 67
Schools 14 CFR 141, 142; SAE ARP5453
Human Factors SAE ARP4033, ARP4107 (HF Glossary), (SAE G-10 works)
Maintainer
A&P Mechanics JI8152 (in work)
Schools 14 CFR 147; JI8152 (in work)
Human Factors (SAE G-13 works)
General 14 CFR 43; F Standard Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light UAS
What qualifications can be added or relaxed under part 61 and 67 as we go towards unmanned aircraft (or the pilot sitting in the van).
What would be the standards for operating and aviation school….
Special
Commercial Operators 14 CFR 119, 121, 133, 137

75. The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: General
CASA UA25 Australian regulation for certification and operation of unmanned aircraft; MIL-HDBK 516; ASTM F Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness
There are other countries like Australia, that have come up with rules for operating unmanned aircraft. There are some references in existence. F2501 goes across all of those operations: Operation, Certification, Airworthiness.
HDBK 516 is the DoD AW Certification process.

76. The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Findings – 5 Categories
Standards exists and explicitly written for UA
ASTM F2411 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2505 Practice for Application of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulations Part 21 Requirements to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Standard exists and directly applicable to UA (“as is”)
ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
Standard exists and applicable to UA (aviation qualified), but focused elsewhere
SAE AIR4911, video interface for entertainment vice reconnaissance systems “The purpose of this document is to establish the requirements for sensor/video interconnect subsystems. These requirements have been driven predominantly, but not exclusively, by aerospace-type military platforms and commercial aircraft. These requirements are intended to be used as the criteria to establish a sensor/video interconnection standard that will foster the development of common hardware to simplify the total interconnectivity of future avionics platforms.”
Standard exists on topic, but indirectly applicable to UA (“thread”)
IEC 61427:1999, photovoltaic (solar) cells
No suitable standard exists
UA (none) vice aircraft carrier (MIL-STD 331) catapults
Extracting lessons learned through the outline. You can put them into these five buckets. The key areas being those that exist specifically for UAS, those that exist but need to be made relevant.
A “thread” is when there is a standard on the topic, but not written for aviation.
In the SAE AIR4911 – this is written for entertainment purposes, but is looking for aplication in UAVs.

77. The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Conclusions & Action
Many UAS relevant topics covered in existing standards.
Documentation gap for airworthiness now covered in F2501, incorporating over 300 standards.
F38 recognizes these existing standards, and focuses on addressing identified gaps now and in the future.
Subcommittees and lead writers assigned to address the identified ‘gaps’ in UAS standards.
Best Practices draft standards be structured along same lines as briefing and expanded/updated to identify such gaps in standards.
New F38 members sought with expertise directly applicable to these gaps.

78. ASTM International Committee F38 on Unmanned Aircraft Systems
QUESTIONS?
Daniel A. Schultz
ASTM International
Director, Committee Support
100 Barr Harbor Drive
W. Conshohocken, PA
USA
Jeff Goldfinger
L-3 Communications
F38 Membership Secretary
PO Box 5484
Arlington, TX
USA