0. Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to Resources – The Philippine Experience
Presented by
Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
National Statistical Coordination Board
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
Rome, Italy
10-12 December 2007

1. Outline of Presentation
Introduction
Women in Poverty
Women’s Access to Resources
Other NSCB Initiatives
Other Efforts of the PSS
Philippine Gross National Happiness Index (by sex)

2. I. Introduction
From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second largest number of poor population (after the children)
Magnitude of poor women
Poverty Incidence (%)
2000
12.2 million
32.3
2003
11.6 million
29.0
Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic participation
Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for women in 2006
Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women in 2005
Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the MDGs!

3. I. Introduction About the NSCB
The Philippine Statistical System is a decentralized statistical system
Many agencies of government generate statistics
NSO
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
Bureau of Labor & Employment Statistics
BSP
DENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc.
Need for coordinating agency

4. Reorganizing the Philippine Statistical System and for Other Purposes
I. Introduction
About the NSCB
Executive Order 121
Reorganizing the Philippine Statistical System and for Other Purposes
Issued on January 30, 1987
Created the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) as the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country

5. I. Introduction About the NSCB Our Products
Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines
Estimates GDP, GNP
Generates Official Poverty Statistics
Poverty Threshold
Poverty Incidence
Philippine Statistical Yearbook
Leading economic index, foreign direct investments, etc.
Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education
Other economic and social statistics

6. I. Introduction About the NSCB Our Services Coordination services
Inter-agency concerns
Survey review system
Designation of statistics
Subnational statistical system
Online statistical service
Technical services (including data requests and advocacy for statistical awareness)
Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION CENTER

7. Official Poverty Statistics
II. Women in Poverty
Official Poverty Statistics
Until 2007, official poverty estimates compiled by the NSCB are disaggregated by geographical location
- National
- Regional
- Provincial
Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics at lower levels and sectoral disaggregation

8. Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425)
II. Women in Poverty
Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425)
Declared that the State should adopt an area-based sectoral and focused intervention to poverty alleviation
Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged sectors of Philippine society

9. II. Women in Poverty 14 Basic Sectors WOMEN Farmer-peasant
Artisanal fisherfolk
Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers
WOMEN
Senior citizens
Youth and students
Children
Urban poor
Workers in the informal sectors
Indigenous peoples and cultural communities
Differently-abled persons
Victims of calamities and disasters
Cooperatives
Non-government organizations

10. Poverty statistics for the basic sectors
II. Women in Poverty
Poverty statistics for the basic sectors
NSCB Resolution No. 11, Series of 2007, “Approving the Methodology for the Generation of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors”
As an off-shoot of the NSCB project funded by the UNDP on the “Development of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors Project”

11. Data sources II. Women in Poverty
2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES)
4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004
2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH)
2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics

12. II. Women in Poverty Variable Data source 1. Income
FIES was used for classifying households as poor or non-poor
2. Sectoral characteristic of the population
LFS was used to assign household members into sectors
3. Total population
Estimated total population of the sector based on the FIES and LFS.
However, for years when the conduct of the CPH and FIES coincide, data from the CPH will be used (e.g., 2000) to estimate the total population for four sectors, namely, women, youth, children, and senior citizen. Otherwise, data from FIES will be used.

13. Number of poor women II. Women in Poverty
Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey of Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making the estimation of poverty incidence straightforward. For example, the poverty incidence for women is:
Number of poor women
Poverty incidence women = Total number of women

14. II. Women in Poverty
Distribution of the basic sectors

15. Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils. 2003) – 30.0
II. Women in Poverty
Poverty incidence among the eight sectors
Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils. 2003) – 30.0
Highlights:
The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased from 2000 to The Senior Citizens, Fishermen and Farmers sectors exhibited the largest decreases.
Three sectors were worse off than the country’s poverty incidence among the population of These are the Children, Farmers and Fishermen sectors.
In terms of magnitude of poor population, the Children, Women and Urban Sectors are the largest.

16. Poverty Incidence among Women (Phils. 2003) – 29.0
II. Women in Poverty
Poverty incidence by sector and region, 2000 and 2003
Poverty Incidence among Women (Phils. 2003) – 29.0
Highlights:
Region VII exhibited the largest decrease in poverty incidence while Region IX showed the largest increase from 2000 to 2003.
CAR, ARMM, CARAGA, Regions I, IV-B, V, VI, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII were worse off than the national poverty incidence for the women sector.
In terms of magnitude of poor women population, Regions IV-A, V and VI are the largest.

17. II. Women in Poverty Summary of findings
1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent)

18. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Observed gender inequality in economic participation
Hence, men have greater economic “visibility” and higher contribution to the economy, more participation in making economic decisions, and more access to credit
Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a situation that can perpetuate, if not outright worsen the inequity between men and women
Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution to the economy

19. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts:
a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The
Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia M. de Perio (1998)
b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo
A. Virola (1999)
c. “Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation Building” by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn O Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre, Raymond S. Perez (2007)

20. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de Perio in 1998
Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000 TUS.
a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio
b/ Used in this study
c/ Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using urban (for Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.

21. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!

22. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Women’s share to GDP increased by 8 percentage points!

23. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours of unpaid work!

24. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Women not in the labor force account for more than half of the total value of unpaid work of women!

25. III. Women’s Access to Resources
Other findings of the study:
Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the total Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)
Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted Gross National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent when unpaid work was not included

26. IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
Core GAD Indicators Data Framework
 contains the key macroeconomic impact indicators needed to monitor and assess the state of gender and development in the country
 serves as reference for government and non-government organizations in the formulation of indicators for monitoring and assessment of outputs and impact of their GAD activities

27. IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
Core GAD Indicators Data Framework
the 20 core GAD indicators cover the PFA areas of concern:
education and training;
economy;
health;
poverty;
institutional mechanism;
media;
power and decision-making;
environment;
violence against women;
girl child;
armed conflict; and
human rights

28. IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
The Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women and Men
compilation of latest available statistics highlighting the differences between women and men
focuses on the situation of women relative to men in the ff areas:
Population and Families
Work
Economic Participation
Agriculture
Education
Health and Nutrition
Social Welfare
8. Public Life
9. Migration
10. Peace and Human Rights
Violence Against Women and Children
Environment
Millennium Development Goal

29. Coordination mechanisms
IV. Other NSCB Initiatives
Coordination mechanisms
 creation of the Interagency Committee (IAC) on Gender Statistics to serve as a strategic mechanism to sustain the efforts and initiatives in the generation and improvement of gender statistics and institutionalize the implementation of the GAD

30. National Demographic and Health Survey
V. Other Efforts of the PSS
National Demographic and Health Survey
Conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) every five years
Designed to provide information on population, family planning, and health to assist policymakers and program managers in evaluating and designing strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country

31. Statistical Tables in the NDHS
V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Statistical Tables in the NDHS
Household population and housing characteristics
Characteristics of respondents and women’s status
Fertility
Family planning
Determinants of fertility
Fertility preferences
Infant and child Mortality
Maternal and child health
Infant feeding and supplementation
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections
Tuberculosis
General health

32. Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS
V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS
Distribution of women employed in the twelve months preceding the survey receiving cash earnings by person who decides how earnings are to be used by marital status, educational attainment, age group
Distribution of women who say that they alone or jointly have the final say in specific decisions, by age group by number of living children
Distribution of women by person who has the final say in making specific decisions, according to current marital status and type of decision

33. Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS
V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS
Percentage of women who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife and percentage of women who believe that a wife is justified in refusing sex with her husband for specific reasons

34. Maternal and Child Health Survey
V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Maternal and Child Health Survey
Presents data on prenatal and postpartum care, protection at birth against neonatal tetanus, breastfeeding, and immunization
conducted annually by the National Statistics Office (NSO) except when years when the NDHS is conducted
It involved interviewing all female members aged 15 to 49 years in the sample households in the Labor Force Survey (LFS), who have surviving children below three years of age

35. Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey
V. Other Efforts of the PSS
Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey
provides information on dating, marriage, and the onset of sexual activity in the Philippines
conducted by the University of the Philippines Population Institute

36. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
Measuring Progress of Philippine Society: Gross National Product or Gross National Happiness by
Romulo A. Virola
and Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
Presented during the 10th National Convention on Statistics
EDSA Shangri-la Plaza Hotel, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
1-2 October 2007

37. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
WHY DO WE WORK?
WOULD WE RATHER BE RICH OR WOULD WE RATHER BE HAPPY?
WHAT DO WE REALLY WANT IN LIFE?
HOW DO WE MEASURE PROGRESS?
SHOULD MEASURES OF NATIONAL PROGRESS CAPTURE OUR OWN “PERSONAL” PROGRESS?

38. Phil. Gross National Happiness Index (PGNHI)
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
Phil. Gross National Happiness Index (PGNHI)
Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
(PGNHI)
Philippine Happiness Index
(PHI)
Philippine Economic Index
(PEI)

39. 1. Conceptual Framework VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
Community participation & volunteer work
1. Conceptual Framework
Religion and spiritual work
Cultural activities
Sex life
HI1
Education
Technological know-how
HI2
Family
Work
Friends
Philippine Happiness Index
Economy
Health
Environment
Income and financial security
Government
HI n
Leisure and sports
Politics
Note: From 14 (during the pilot) to 17 domains
Others
Love life

40. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
Pilot survey ( nonrandom)
Private company employees
Government office employees
Participants in the National Convention on Statistics
Students in a private university
Participants in the 48th ASP Convention

41. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
·   RESPONDENTS FIND FAMILY, HEALTH AND RELIGION AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, POLITICS AS THE LEAST!

42. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
RESPONDENTS ARE HAPPIEST WITH FAMILY, FRIENDS, RELIGION, AND LOVE LIFE; LEAST HAPPY WITH POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMY!
LOVE IS AN IMPORTANT DIMENSION FOR PINOYS!

43. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
·   RESPONDENTS FIND INCOME VERY IMPORTANT BUT HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS LOW!

44. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
·   RESPONDENTS FIND SEX LIFE NOT IMPORTANT – BUT HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS HIGH!

45. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
·   BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS THE LEAST!

46. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
·   WOMEN FIND LOVE IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE MEN FIND BOTH LOVE & SEX IMPORTANT - THERE IS A MISMATCH !

47. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
·   WOMEN ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN!

48. The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Digression
The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
Based on a single question, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER THAN MEN!
women – %
men – %
Deriving index from all domains of happiness, MEN ARE JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN!
women – %
men – %

49. email: jo.encarnacion@nscb.gov.ph
Thank you!
visit: www. nscb.gov.ph