1. The Middle East in the 20 th Century AP World History

2. Presentation Outline 1)Collapse of the Ottoman Empire 2)Post-World War One Settlement 3)Arab Nationalism 4)Zionism 5)Arab-Israeli Conflict 6)Oil 7)Islamic Fundamentalism and Iran

3. The Middle East in 1914

4. 1) Ottoman Empire-Collapse 1919- 1922 Great Britain, and other Arabs eventually defeat the Ottomans Empire is dissolved by British at end of war Ottoman Empire NOT mentioned in Versailles Treaty (ending WWI) but Great Britain gets jurisdiction over former Ottoman territory. Lands are partitioned (divided) Nationalist Groups want independence (those that were friendly to England were put in charge) Turkey gains independence (former Ottoman Empire reduced to 1 independent country)

5. 2)Post-World War One Settlement 1)Sykes-Picot Agreement 2)Mandate System 3)Treaty of Sevres and Modern Turkey

6. Sykes-Picot Agreement The Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, officially known as the "Asia Minor Agreement", was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France, with the assent of Russia. It defined their respective spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. It effectively divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of future British and French control or influence.

7. Mandate System The League of Nations established the Mandate system whereby Britain and France would administer regions until they were ``ready” for independence Syria and Lebanon administered directly by France French troops left in 1946 and two new countries were formed Mesopotamia (Iraq) Install puppet king (Faisal) Establish 75-year-long oil concession Transjordan (Israel, Jordan, Palestine) Don’t give full independence Support more power, land for Jewish repatriation in region

8. The Treaty of Sevres 1920 Treaty signed between the defeated Ottoman Empire and the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference The Treaty left the Turks with a small rump state Kemal Attaturk and the Young Turks rejected the Treaty of Sevres and launch the Turkish War of Independence The Turkish Army defeated the Greeks (in the west) and the Armenians (in the east) The Turkish victory led to a renegotiation of a better treaty for Turkey

9. Modern Turkey Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 which solidified the borders of the modern state of Turkey Attaturk implemented several reforms: democratic constitution abolition of millet system multi-party elections secular Western education system Attaturk`s forces marching into Izmir.

11. 3) Arab Nationalism 1)Arab Revolts during WW1 2)Gamel Abdel Nasser and Pan-Arab Nationalism 3)Saddam Hussein and Hafez Assad and the Baath Party

12. Arab Revolts during WW1 From 1916-1918 Arab nationalists revolted against Ottoman rule and joined forces with the British to defeat the Ottoman Empire The Arabs were under the impression that by helping out the British they would get a large independent Arab state after the war This did not happen- only Saudi Arabia became independent in 1925 The Arab peoples of Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq were under British or French Mandate rule Arab soldiers carrying the flag of Arab resistance. T.E. Lawrence- a.k.a. Lawrence of Arabia- fought alongside Arab armies against the Ottomans

13. Gamel Abdel Nasser Overthrew the Egyptian monarchy and established an Arab Republic Served as President from 1956-1970 Saw himself as the leader of the Arab World Opposed British and French colonialism in the Suez War (1956) by nationalizing the Suez Canal Implemented education, housing, and health care reforms in Egypt Led the Arab wars against Israel (1956-1967)

15. Iraq Former British Mandate which was granted independence in 1932 Became a republic in 1958 Saddam Hussein came to power in a coup in 1979 His Baath Party championed Arab nationalism and socialism Mired in 3 unsuccessful wars (Iran-Iraq War, Gulf War (1991), and Iraq War (2003) - which ultimately led to his demise in 2003 Syria Former French Mandate which was granted independence in 1944 Baath Party came to power in 1963 Hafez Assad ruled Syria from 1970-2000 Championed secular Arab nationalism and socialism Hussein, Assad, and the Baath Party

16. 4) Zionism 1)Theodor Herzl and Zionism 2)The Balfour Declaration 3)The establishment of the State of Israel

17. Theodor Herzl and Zionism Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) Founder of Zionism (Jewish nationalism) After centuries of persecution he believed that Jews needed their own national state to protect them against anti-Semitism and further the national interests of the Jewish people Herzl encouraged Jewish immigration to Palestine He favored the return of the Jewish people to their ancestral homeland (Jews had been exiled from Judea by the Romans in 70 CE)

18. Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe making their way to Palestine. Circa 1920

19. Balfour Declaration British support for a Jewish homeland was expressed in the 1917 Balfour Declaration

20. The establishment of the state of Israel The U.N. partition plan envisioned the creation of two states: one for the Jews and one for the Arabs The Jews accepted but the Arabs rejected this plan The state of Israel was proclaimed on May 13, 1948 Several states immediately recognized the new Jewish state including the USA, Canada, the Soviet Union, and Britain, among others The Declaration of Independence triggered the 1948 Arab-Israeli War

21. Israel`s first Prime Minister David Ben Gurion reading the Declaration of Independence.

22. 5) Arab-Israeli Conflict 1)1948 Arab-Israeli War 2)1967 Six Day War 3)1973 Yom Kippur War 4)Peace with Egypt and Jordan 5)Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

23. 1948 Arab-Israeli War Arab opposition to a Jewish state had been mounting since the 1930s The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem was a fierce opponent of Jewish immigration and openly collaborated with Hitler After 9 months of fighting in 1948 the Israeli army defeated the numerically superior forces of the Arab League (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia…) During the war over 200,000 Jews were expelled from Arab lands and relocated to Israel Over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs were expelled or fled from Palestine in the wake of the Arab defeat Israel expanded its territory

24. At the time of the U.N. Partition Plan Palestinian Arabs made up the majority of the population of Palestine.

25. 1967 Six Day War The Israeli started launching a series of pre-emptive air strikes against Egypt War soon broke out between Israel and her Arab neighbours (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq) Israel scored a decisive victory against the combined Arab forces and acquired a significant amount of territory

26. 1973 Yom Kippur War War broke out when the armies of Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur Although the war ultimately resulted in an Israeli victory, the Syrians and Egyptians gave the Israelis much more trouble than they had in the Six Day War Cold War Aspect: Soviets sent military aid to the Arab side, while the Americans sent aid to the Israelis Impact: Arab states realized that Israel could not be defeated militarily

27. Peace with Egypt and Jordan With the support of US President Jimmy Carter the Egyptians and Israelis signed the Camp David Accords in 1978 (a peace treaty which normalized relations) In 1994 Jordan and Israel normalized relations by signing a peace treaty Israel is technically still in a state of war with two of her neighbours: Lebanon and Syria Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin shake hands while US President Carter stands in the middle. Jordan’s King Hussein and Israeli prime minister Yitzchak Rabin shake hands while US President Bill Clinton claps.

28. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Established in 1964, the PLO aimed to liberate Palestine from Israeli rule and create a Palestinian state Between 1967 and 2004 the organization was led by Yassar Arafat Before 1993 the organization encouraged and engaged in terrorist acts such as kidnappings and plane hijackings aimed at bringing international attention to its cause The PLO planned and orchestrated the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre of Israeli athletes Yassar Arafat

29. 6) Oil 1)Discovery of Oil 2)The oil states 3)Wars and oil

30. Discovery of Oil First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iran) in 1908. Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 - drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq). Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British. Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914. In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

31. Oil and the Middle East American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in 1929. In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia. ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

33. OPECin OPEC Several Middle Eastern countries belong to OPEC including: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates OPEC has tremendous influence over the supply of oil production and worldwide oil prices

34. Oil and wars 1973 Yom Kippur War: In retaliation for support for Israel during the war, several Arab OPEC members imposed an oil embargo on exports to Western countries The sudden increase in the price of oil was a shock to the economies of the US and Western Europe 1991 Gulf War Saddam Hussein invaded neighbouring Kuwait and took control over the Kuwaiti oil fields- the war affected the oil supply and impacted prices Concerned about Iraqi and aggression and the oil supply, the USA and its coalition partners declared war on Iraq and liberated Kuwait

35. 7) Islamic Fundamentalism and Iran 1)Collapse of Shah’s regime 2)Iranian Revolution 3)Shi’a and Sunni divisions

36. Features of the Pahlavi dynasty under Collapse of the Shah’s regime Shah The Shah assumed the throne from his father in 1941 Features of his regime: Authoritarian Corruption Modern, Western, and secular Pro-US

37. Why did the Why did the Shah’s regime fail? regime fall? 1)Authoritarianism alienated the middle classes 2)Corruption weakened the regime’s legitimacy 3) The Shah’s Pro-US alliance and emphasis on modernization and Westernization alienated Iran’s Muslims Riots and violence broke out on the streets of Tehran A power vacuum was created and the Ayatollah Khomeini and his followers stepped in to lead the revolution

38. The Islamic Republic of Iran Established in 1979 after the abdication of the Shah Features: Theocratic- laws are based on Islamic sharia law Totalitarian: the regime imposes strict codes on conduct and morality Some democratic elements: an elected assembly and an elected president

39. Shi’a and Sunni divisions Numerous conflicts in the Middle East have pitted Shi’a Muslims against Sunni Muslims The Lebanese civil war(1975-1990) was a consequence of this division The Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) was another consequences of this division Iran (main Shi'a power and Saudi Arabia (main Sunni power) have become geopolitical rivals