1. Agriculture
Myras Osman

2. Classification of Economic Activities
Primary or Extractive Activities Hunting & Gathering
Farming
Livestock herding
Lumbering
Mining
Quarrying
Work in the natural environment-often the environment suffers.

3. Primary Economy Teak logs near Mandalay, Myanmar
Logs of Teak near Mandalay, Myanmar
Lumber Mill

4. Top picture-aquaculture or fish farming in Thailand
Right-fishing, one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, is vital to many countries (Iceland, Japan, etc.), but fish stocks are running low due to over fishing. (see Vid)
Aquaculture in Thailand

5. Classification of Economic Activities
Secondary Activities
The stages are; Stone Age-Copper Age-Bronze Age-Iron Age, etc.
Manufacturing-converting raw materials into finished goods.
Major changes in human history marked by new ways to convert raw materials into finished good.
Chinese industrial air conditioner factory

6. Classification of Economic Activities
Tertiary Activities provide essential services in a complex society
Doctors, dentist, hospitals
Lawyers
Teachers
Stores, shops
Banks, offices
Quaternary and Quinary are high tech and specialization
Administration
Research

7. Agriculture
Agriculture – the purposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
Soybeans in the semi-arid ranchlands of western South Dakota

8. The Persistence of Agriculture
The US only has 2 million farmers.
Mechanization and farm consolidation have forced out small scale farmers.
Yet US farm production is at an all time high.
IN MOST OF THE WORLD-AGRICULTURE REMAINS THE LEADING EMPLOYMENT SECTOR-40% of the world’s population are farmers
The # of farmers is the lowest since the mid-19th century when the total population was only 20 million.

9. Before Farming
Food production, preparation and consumption plays a major role in all culture.
Food taboos by custom or religion, food intolerances-dairy, eggs or fish, peanuts, etc.
Hunting & Gathering or Fishing was the only way to acquire food for most of our existence.
San of southern Africa
Aboriginals of Australia
Native Americans of Brazil
Jakun (tribe an aboriginal tribe) blow pipe hunter at Tasek Chini in Malaysia on the mainland peninsula

10. Bushmen of the Kalahari still live By hunting and gathering
Top Left-Bushmen of the Kalahari gather berries
Bottom Right-a Bushman aims his poisoned tipped, bone arrow at an animal in the dry grass plains of the Kalahari Desert. Also called the San-the live in small, scattered mobile bands. Most common prey are antelopes, wildebeest and other smaller game.

11. Hunting & Gathering Societies
Settlements are NOT PERMANENT
Populations remain small
Early hunter-gatherers lived in wetter & better environments and had an easier life than those of the modern day.
Eastern North America-forests, wildlife & nuts
Pacific Coast Americas-salmon fishing
Aleuts of tundra caribou herds
Interior North America-buffalo herds

12. Hunting & Gathering Societies
Technology improved slowly
Bone & stone tools & weapons
Learned to control fire-protection-cooking
Metallurgy evolved with copper, bronze, gold and later iron for arrowheads, knives, axes and other utensils.
Cooking made food more digestible and was used to drive animals over cliffs or into traps
Thule artifacts from east side of Ellesmere Island northwest of Greenland, 2 small female ivory fetishes as well as stone, bone and antler tools, spear points, harpoon heads, etc.
Spear thrower delivered 7 x more power than the traditional method of throwing a spear.

13. Hunting & Gathering Societies-Fishing
12,000-15,000 yrs. Ago
Continental shelves became shallow seas where marine life was plentiful
Shell fish & trapped fish added to the diet as harpoons, spears, hooks, boats and baskets were created.
Wood & bone or antler was often used for fish hooks or harpoon points. Seals and fish were hunted using these in pre-historic Scandinavia
Pacific Coast and Arctic shores
Ainu of Northern Japan
And Western Europe-wicker baskets and stone traps used to catch salmon and other fish
These fishing settlements had a degree of permanence due to the plentiful food supply

14. Agricultural Origins-The First Agricultural Revolution
The first domestication of plants was probably in South East Asia-root crops-taro, yams & bananas 14,000 years ago
Middle East domesticated cereal crops such as wheat, barley & oats-10,000 years ago
MesoAmerica-maize (corn), squash & beans
Africa-millet, sorghum, watermelons
Right-wheat-one of the 1st seed crops to be domesticated.

15. The Fertile Crescent –
Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began.
- because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time
- generated a surplus of wheat and barley
- first integration of plant growing and animal raising
(used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to
help grow crops)

18. The First Agricultural Revolution-Animal Domestication
Goats, pigs and sheep were domesticated about 8,000 yrs. ago.
Domesticated animals in captivity vs. wild.
Southeast Asia-pigs, water buffalo, chickens, ducks and geese were domesticated.
With sedentary communities wild animals kept as pets or ceremonial sacrifices-some wild animals hung around as scavengers of food and gradually were kept as protection against other predators or to aid in the hunt. Even today-in African Wildlife Preserves-wild animals hang around camps at night and scatter by day.