1. Chapter 2 & Latin America

2. Surface of the Earth - Hydrosphere- 70% of the earth’s surface is water. - Lithosphere- 30% of the earth’s surface is land. - atmosphere- layer of gases - Gases: Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and Other Gases (~1%) - biosphere- the part of earth that supports life.

3. Continental Drift How?

4. Constant Motion Inner Core- Hot, but solid (why?) Outer Core- Hot, but liquid Mantle- Liquid Magma and Solid (Rock) Convection Crust- Continents and Ocean Basins (tectonic plates)

5. Internal Forces Internal plate movement has defined the earth’s surface. mountains (subduction) trenches (accretion) ridges (spreading) faults (faulting)

6. External Forces-Erosion: The wearing away of the earth’s surface. Wind Glaciers Water

7. Earth’s Water The total amount of water always remains the same, but it is in constant motion. Water Cycle: the catalyst => The SUN Liquid to Evaporation to Condensation to Liquid 97% of the world’s water is salt water (4 oceans: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic) Also Salt Water: Seas, Gulfs, Bays (partially enclosed by land) PROBLEM?

8. Solution Desalination: refers to the process of removing salt and minerals from salt water. Problem?

9. Bodies of Fresh water 3% of water is fresh 1.5% is in glaciers and ice caps.5% is underground (aquifers) less than 1% is in rivers, lakes, and streams

10. Latin America Name is derived from Latin languages (Spanish and Portuguese- Line of Demarcation)

11. Middle America or Central America (Mexico through Panama- 7 countries)

12. The Caribbean- West Indies 3 chains: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles and Bahamas

13. South American Continent

14. Mountains Sierra Madres and Andes creates cooler climates limited cultural diffusion cultural diffusion: spread of cultural traits from one culture to another. Rain Shadow: - Creates Atacama Desert

15. Atacama Desert

16. Amazon River second largest river on earth 10X as much water as the Mississippi. During certain seasons, it gets 7 miles wide. important to shipping and trade (but also an obstacle) creates Amazon Basin with connecting rivers

17. Amazon Rainforest- dense cover (canopy) 1/3 of South America Shelters more species of life than any other habitat on earth creates problems for economic development, and therefore faces deforestation.

21. Population About 580 Million People (but with high population growth) Populated rim- population density is highest along a continent’s coastline.

22. Primate Cities: an urban area which dominates an entire country’s economic and political affairs. EXP: Mexico City, Havana, Caracas

23. Original Civilizations Aztecs: Central Mexico tenochtitlan created chinampas- floating islands for planting food. Incas: Peru cuzco- capital quipu- a series of colored knots as a form of accounting Maya: Mexico and Yucatan Peninsula Mathematics based on 20 with 0

27. Chinampas

28. Mayan Math

29. Primarily Catholic- Why?

30. Latifundia is quickly replacing minifundia Small family owned farms being replaced by big agribusiness.

31. Farm Land

32. Obstacles to Industrial Growth Rain forest and Mountains Amazon is a catch 22. political instability